TABLE 2.
Clinical characteristics by breakfast eating habits
| Breakfast skippers |
Everyday breakfast consumers |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 71) | Men (n = 37) | Women (n = 107) | Men (n = 39) | |
| Age (y) | 35 ± 12 | 40 ± 12∗ | 36 ± 12 | 43 ± 12∗∗ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 5.3 | 25.3 ± 5.0∗ | 22.6 ± 4.6 | 24.5 ± 4.1∗ |
| Screen time (h) | 7.0 ± 3.3 | 8.9 ± 3.4∗∗ | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 6.3 ± 3.5†† |
| Steps per day | 5857 ± 2840 (n = 63) | 7286 ± 3255∗∗ (n = 32) | 5575 ± 3517 (n = 91) | 7573 ± 4061∗∗ (n = 34) |
| Alcohol drink (%) | 24% | 34% | 15% | 26% |
| Sleep duration (min) | 429 ± 87 | 390 ± 75 | 420 ± 77 | 415 ± 70 |
| Breakfast time (h) | 8.7 ± 1.1 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 7.9 ± 1.2†† | 7.8±1.0† |
| Lunch time (h) | 13.0 ± 0.9 | 13.0 ± 0.9 | 12.7 ± 1.0 | 12.9 ± 1.0 |
| Dinner time (h) | 20.1 ± 1.4 | 20.2 ± 1.1 | 19.4 ± 1.3†† | 20.1 ± 1.0∗∗ |
| %Breakfast eating (%) | 56% | 63% | ||
| Snacks per day | 0.65 ± 0.64 | 0.46 ± 0.52 | 0.65 ± 0.73 | 0.25 ± 0.38∗∗† |
| Fasting duration (min) | 816 ± 133 | 786 ± 136 | 742 ± 118†† | 682 ± 77††∗∗ |
| Fasting duration before sleep (min) | 251 ± 78 | 261 ± 83 | 244 ± 83 | 208 ± 76††∗ |
| Fasting duration after wake-up (min) | 136 ± 94 | 136 ± 103 | 79 ± 70†† | 60 ± 34†† |
∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. women using 1-factor ANOVA (age and BMI), and linear regression analyses adjusted for age and BMI in the models.
†P < 0.05.
††P < 0.01 vs. breakfast skippers using 1-factor ANOVA (age and BMI), and linear regression analyses adjusted for age and BMI.
Breakfast time, lunch time, and dinner time were expressed as hours since midnight.