. 2023 Aug 23;158(11):1176–1183. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.3673

Table 1. CUSUM Performance (Stratified by the Number of Signals in a Quarter) Relative to Observed to Expected Ratio for Detecting Outlier Hospitals.

CUSUM signals, No.	Sensitivity (95% CI), %	Specificity (95% CI), %	Positive predictive value (95% CI), %	Negative predictive value (95% CI), %	AUC	Correlation^a
1	29.9 (24.6-35.7)	80.3 (78.6-82.0)	15.8 (12.8-19.2)	90.3 (88.9-91.6)	0.55	0.17
2	19.7 (15.2-24.9)	94.1 (93.0-95.0)	29.2 (22.8-36.3)	90.5 (89.2-91.6)	0.56	0.38
3	14.6 (10.6-19.3)	97.8 (97.1-98.4)	45.5 (34.8-56.4)	90.3 (89.0-91.4)	0.56	0.51
≥4	8.4 (5.4-12.3)	99.3 (98.9-99.6)	60.5 (43.4-76.0)	89.8 (88.5-91.0)	0.54	0.58

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; CUSUM, cumulative sum.

^{^a}

Tetrachoric correlation.