Table 2.
Complications of patients with chronic hypophosphatemia (n = 154).
Case (n = 154) |
Controls (n = 1540) |
Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any complications | 127 (82.5) | 935 (60.7) | 2.74 (2.22–3.39) |
<0.01 | 2.17 (1.67–2.69) |
<0.01 |
Cardiovascular complications | ||||||
Composite CVD | 20 (13.0) | 98 (6.4) | 2.80 (1.69–4.63) |
<0.01 | 2.02 (1.16–3.51) |
0.01 |
Non-fatal MI | 3 (1.3) | 13 (0.8) | 3.92 (1.01–15.19) |
0.048 | 1.61 (0.29–8.83) |
0.59 |
Non-fatal stroke | 6 (3.9) | 25 (1.6) | 3.06 (1.22–7.72) |
0.02 | 2.65 (0.95–7.39) |
0.06 |
Heart failure | 9 (5.8) | 26 (1.7) | 8.41 (3.41–20.70) |
<0.01 | 6.15 (2.15–17.58) |
<0.01 |
Arrhythmia | 6 (3.9) | 58 (3.8) | 1.11 (0.48–2.60) |
0.80 | 0.98 (0.40–2.39) |
0.96 |
Renal complications | ||||||
Renal stones | 4 (2.6) | 27 (1.8) | 1.93 (0.66–5.64) |
0.23 | 2.18 (0.70–6.80) |
0.18 |
Chronic kidney disease | 25 (16.2) | 19 (1.2) | 20.07 (10.08–39.96) |
<0.01 | 16.87 (7.60–37.43) |
<0.01 |
Hyperparathyroidism | 24 (15.6) | 2 (0.1) | 114.40 (27.03–484.21) |
<0.01 | 121.19 (28.24–520.11) |
<0.01 |
Fracture complication | ||||||
Major osteoporotic fracture | 13 (2.6) | 71 (4.6) | 2.41 (1.31–4.44) |
<0.01 | 2.27 (1.20–4.28) |
0.01 |
Hip fracture | 4 (2.6) | 9 (0.6) | 8.93 (2.23–35.80) |
<0.01 | 3.83 (1.12–13.10) |
0.03 |
Vertebral fracture | 5 (3.3) | 33 (2.1) | 1.97 (0.75–5.19) |
0.17 | 1.75 (0.64–4.83) |
0.28 |
Humeral or wrist fractures | 4 (2.6) | 34 (2.2) | 1.24 (0.44–3.53) |
0.68 | 1.20 (0.40–3.59) |
0.75 |
Periodontitis | 6 (3.9) | 13 (0.8) | 9.66 (3.11–29.95) |
<0.01 | 6.98 (1.66–29.35) |
0.01 |
Enthesopathy | 16 (10.4) | 129 (8.4) | 1.46 (0.86–2.47) |
0.16 | 1.60 (0.93–2.77) |
0.09 |
Mental and behavior disorders | ||||||
Depression | 20 (13.0) | 154 (10.0) | 1.72 (1.06–2.77) |
0.03 | 1.71 (1.04–2.83) |
0.04 |
Bipolar | 2 (1.3) | 31 (2.0) | 0.76 (0.18–3.21) |
0.71 | 0.79 (0.18–3.42) |
0.74 |
Anxiety | 27 (17.5) | 210 (13.6) | 1.61 (1.07–2.44) |
0.02 | 1.46 (0.95–2.24) |
0.08 |
CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial infarction. *Adjusted for socioeconomic status and comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia). The adjusted HR (95% CI) and P-values were obtained using stratified Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.