Table 2.
Estimates of association from multivariable model regarding each subscale of the SDQ in children and adolescents.
| Emotional symptoms | Conduct problems | Hyperactivity/ inattention | Peer relationships problems | Lack of prosocial behaviour | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Average weekly trainings (days) | |||||
| >2 vs. 0 | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) ** | 0.63 (0.43–0.92) * | 0.61 (0.44–0.84) ** | - | - |
| 1–2 vs. 0 | 0.72 (0.54–0.97) * | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 0.73 (0.49–1.07) | - | - |
| Compliance with WHO guidelines for PA | |||||
| Yes vs. no | 0.61 (0.44–0.83) ** | - | 0.56 (0.39–0.78) *** | 0.53 (0.38–0.73) *** | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) * |
| Outdoor PA | |||||
| Yes vs. no | - | 0.66 (0.50–0.87) ** | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) *** | 0.58 (0.45–0.76) *** | 0.70 (0.52–0.94) * |
| Gender | |||||
| Males vs. females | 0.93 (0.73–1.21) | 1.45 (1.14–1.86) ** | 1.82 (1.38–2.43) *** | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 1.51 (1.14–2.01) ** |
| Education | |||||
| Technical or professional institute vs. High school | 0.97 (0.21–3.20) | 1.61 (0.61–3.99) | 1.64 (0.43–5.16) | 0.60 (0.16–1.73) | 2.19 (0.91–5.13) |
| Kindergarten, primary school vs. High school | 5.49 (3.23–9.79) *** | 3.59 (2.32–5.69) *** | 3.98 (2.26–7.61) *** | 2.07 (1.32–3.32) ** | 1.01 (0.65–1.60) |
| Middle school vs. High school | 2.77 (1.62–4.98) *** | 1.64 (1.04–2.64) * | 2.03 (1.11–3.98) * | 1.67 (1.05–2.70) * | 0.84 (0.52–1.37) |
| Geographical area | |||||
| Abroad vs. Northern Italy | 1.83 (0.49–6.56) | 0.86 (0.21–3.03) | 3.18 (0.85–11.4) | 1.46 (0.37–5.09) | 1.61 (0.34–5.78) |
| Central vs. Northern Italy | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) | 1.12 (0.80–1.56) | 0.88 (0.59–1.30) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) | 1.01 (0.68–1.46) |
| Southern Italy Islands vs. Northern Italy | 1.17 (0.82–1.67) | 1.86 (1.32–2.62) *** | 1.07(0.73–1.57) | 1.43 (1.01–2.01) * | 1.31 (0.89–1.89) |
| Outdoor spaces at home | |||||
| Yes vs. no | 0.64 (0.50–0.82) ** | 0.66 (0.52–0.84) *** | - | - | - |
| Screen time (hours) | |||||
| >4 vs. ≤ 2 h | 1.92 (1.37–2.71) *** | - | - | 2.00 (1.41–2.84) *** | - |
| 2–4 h vs. ≤ 2 h | 1.44 (1.03–2.02) * | 1.77 (1.25–2.52) ** | |||
OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval.
Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for significant variables for each subscale were reported. All the models were adjusted by gender, age range (i.e., educational level), and geographical area. The event consisted of presenting the problem corresponding to each subscale, i.e., scoring as borderline or abnormal according to the 3-band categorisation suggested in the scoring guidelines (37) for the SDQ (35).
*
p ≤ 0.05,
**
p ≤ 0.01,
***
p ≤ 0.001. Significant values in bold.