Key term and description	Practical example – The management of acute cough in Primary Care using an interactive patient booklet as the intervention [9]
Dissemination: The active, tailored, and targeted distribution of information or interventions via determined channels using planned strategies to a specific public health or clinical practice audience [27]. Dissemination can be done through different communication channels and technologies, including summaries/briefings, engaging knowledge users in developing and executing dissemination plans, tools creation, and media engagement.	Informative and educational sessions on the use of the patient booklet for acute cough in local general practitioners’ quality circles Informing all GPs by letter about the online e-learning on using the interactive patient booklet for acute cough that is freely available on the national GP website Informative messages on social media aimed at patient communities
Knowledge translation: Knowledge translation is ‘the exchange, synthesis, and ethically sound application of research findings with a complex system of relationships among researchers and knowledge users.’ Where knowledge translation differs from implementation science is that knowledge translation does not cover how to implement knowledge [28]. The process of knowledge translation ensures that evidence from research is used by relevant stakeholders in improving health [29]. Knowledge mobilisation: In its simplest ‘moving knowledge to where it can be most useful’ [25]. It involves the right people coming together to share and use available knowledge within a given context to solve a problem, improve a service and share best practice. It is transdisciplinary and characterised by heterogeneity of skills, by a preference for transient flatter hierarchies and organisational structures [30]. Unlike knowledge translation, knowledge mobilisation relies more on two-way stakeholder relationships and describes a more multi-directional and ‘messy’ process. It tends to include dissemination, knowledge transfer and knowledge translation in its activities [31]. Knowledge brokering: Knowledge brokering is an emerging strategy to promote interaction between research producers and end-users, develop a mutual understanding of goals and cultures, identify issues and problems for which solutions are required, and facilitates the identification, access, assessment, interpretation, and translation of research evidence into local policy and practice [32]. Implementation science: ‘The scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other evidence-based practices into routine practice’ [33]. Implementation science aims to close the gap between evidence-based practices and the extent to which research findings are integrated into real world settings and practices.	Collaborative and systematic assessment, collation and application of research relating to acute cough is incorporated into a policy brief to advise health authorities on how to safely reduce antibiotics in Primary Care using an interactive patient booklet for acute cough All stakeholders with interest in acute cough to proactively discuss ways in which new knowledge can be shared and adapted to local GP context(s). Patients and public can take responsibility to share knowledge widely by developing lasting relationships with peers, community groups and volunteer groups to encourage use of this knowledge. All stakeholders take and give knowledge around acute cough, learning from each other along the way Working with a ‘middleman’ –who links all stakeholders concerned with acute cough – to develop an interactive patient booklet with agreed aims and objectives for its use in practice. The stakeholders could be patients and the public with experience of acute cough, clinicians with interest or expertise in the area, and academics with research knowledge, as well as IT teams, graphic designers and content creators. The Knowledge Broker, or person in the ‘middleman’ role, can work with all stakeholders to ensure materials are co-produced, with patient experience, ‘on the ground’ clinical know-how and relevant evidence included. A range of formats can be produced dependent on target audience and steer from the public. A Knowledge Broker may also have a role in facilitating discussions regarding the use of the booklet in General Practice (e.g., timing, how to introduce the booklet) The intervention: a patient booklet for cough to be used within the cough consultation in Primary Care Effectiveness research: looks at whether the patient booklet for cough reduces antibiotic prescribing in Primary Care Implementation strategies: the strategies we can employ to help general practitioners to use the booklet within their cough consultation (e.g., educational sessions, trainings) Main implementation outcomes: how much General Practitioners use the booklet within the consultation and how much the booklet impacts on antibiotic prescribing.