. 2023 Aug 24;131(8):087017. doi: 10.1289/EHP12500

Table 2.

Description of biomarkers ( $μ g / g$ creatinine) in gestational urine samples.

Biomarker	Abbreviation	Healthy Start analytic sample ( $lowercase italic n equals 438$ )^a					Healthy Start subset ( $lowercase italic n equals 24$ )^b	Roggeman et al.³⁶^,^c
		LOD ( $μ g / L$ )	Percentage detected (%)	Percentile			ICC	ICC
		LOD ( $μ g / L$ )	Percentage detected (%)	25th	50th	75th	ICC	ICC
Phthalates
Mono-ethyl phthalate	MEP	0.6	99.8	16.0	34.6	99.9	0.60	0.45
Mono-benzyl phthalate	MBzP	0.3	97.3	2.3	5.6	12.6	0.48	0.48
Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate	MCPP	0.2	96.3	1.1	2.1	4.2	0.23	0.21
Mono carboxyisooctyl phthalate	MCOP	0.2	100.0	8.5	18.6	48.0	0.25	0.26
Mono carboxyisononyl phthalate	MCNP	0.2	99.1	1.9	3.1	5.6	0.18	0.08
Mono- $n$ -butyl phthalate	MnBP	0.4	96.6	5.1	11.2	18.3	0.04	0.43
Mono-hydroxybutyl phthalate	MHBP	0.4	72.1	0.6	1.2	2.0	0.52	—
$uppercase sigma uppercase di-n-butyl$ phthalate metabolites^d	$Σ DBP$	—	—	5.6	12.3	20.1	0.00	—
Mono-isobutyl phthalate	MiBP	0.2	98.9	3.9	8.2	14.4	0.59	0.42
Mono-hydroxyisobutyl phthalate	MHiBP	0.4	95.4	2.2	3.8	6.3	0.57	—
$uppercase sigma uppercase di-isobutyl$ phthalate metabolites^e	$Σ DiBP$	—	—	6.3	12.1	20.2	0.61	—
Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate	MEHP	0.5	72.8	0.5	1.2	2.5	0.58	0.28
Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate	MEHHP	0.2	99.3	2.5	5.0	10.2	0.28	0.21
Mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate	MEOHP	0.2	99.1	2.6	4.7	8.9	0.31	0.24
Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate	MECPP	0.2	100.0	6.8	11.2	20.4	0.39	0.28
$uppercase sigma uppercase di open parenthesis 2-ethylhexyl close parenthesis$ phthalate metabolites^f	$Σ DEHP$	—	—	13.6	24.1	43.3	0.36	—
Phenols
2,4 dichlorophenol	—	0.1	96.1	0.4	0.6	1.2	0.74	—
2,5 dichlorophenol	—	0.1	95.0	0.8	1.8	5.7	0.84	—
Bisphenol A	BPA	0.1	97.7	0.6	1.1	1.9	0.39	0.20
Bisphenol S	BPS	0.1	87.0	0.2	0.3	0.6	0.25	0.20
Benzophenone-3	—	0.2	99.5	36.3	110.3	438.9	0.86	—
Methyl paraben	—	1.0	100.0	47.8	142.5	343.4	0.82	0.47
Propyl paraben	—	0.1	100.0	5.2	27.6	95.0	0.79	0.49
Triclosan	—	1.0	92.7	4.6	15.3	63.4	0.83	—

Note: Biomarkers are creatinine-standardized based on the O’Brien method.¹⁹ ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; LOD, limit of detection.

^{^a}

Analytic sample of the Healthy Start cohort conducted during 2009–2014 enrolled participants who provided a urine sample midpregnancy and had at least one time point with outcome assessment.

^{^b}

Subset within Healthy Start cohort conducted during 2009–2014 enrolled participants who provided at least three urine samples in mid-to-late pregnancy.

^{^c}

Mean value calculated from the 2022 review by Roggeman et al.³⁶ on variability in urine biomarkers of nonpersistent chemical exposures. Mean values calculated only for studies of pregnancy, and preferentially limited to creatinine or specific-gravity standardized ICCs when multiple ICCs were provided in one study. Missing ICCs are for biomarkers without values provided in the review. See Tables S3 and S4 for more details.

^{^d}

Sum of di- $n$ -butyl phthalate metabolites: MnBP and MHBP.

^{^e}

Sum of di-isobutyl phthalate metabolites: MiBP and MHiBP.

^{^f}

Sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites: MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, and MECPP.