Table 3.

Characteristics of 2016 American Community Survey Data block groups ($n=498$) with respect to the linguistically isolated, persons of color, persons of low income, and adults without a high school diploma within the Duplin County Region (including Duplin County, North Carolina, and adjacent block groups).

Environmental justice variable (percentage)	Quintiles/percentages	Total population ($n$)	Average concentration of ${\text{NH}}_3$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	Average concentration of ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{S}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3\times {10}^{-3}$)	Allowable hogs ($n$)	Block groups ($n$)	CAFOs ($n$)
Linguistically isolated (%)	0	34,944	6.80	0.0677	1,170,000	22	269
	0.01–4.58	11,869	8.09	0.0805	299,000	9	67
	4.58–7.05	19,798	7.40	0.0737	613,000	10	140
	7.05–12.82	16,951	8.74	0.0870	568,000	10	110
	12.82–25.57	15,198	8.97	0.0893	534,000	9	91
Persons of color (%)	2.75–25.35	19,733	6.42	0.0639	499,000	12	136
	25.35–37.90	22,556	6.42	0.0639	611,000	12	145
	37.90–55.89	18,746	7.82	0.0778	473,000	12	105
	55.98–64.46	21,260	9.53	0.0949	808,000	12	156
	64.46–99.66	19,124	8.95	0.0891	929,000	13	168
Low income (%)	26.46–41.45	20,385	7.18	0.0715	562,000	12	135
	41.45–48.31	17,846	6.42	0.0639	288,000	12	72
	48.31–52.88	19,180	7.30	0.0727	567,000	12	151
	52.88–62.31	21,036	9.18	0.0914	918,000	12	161
	62.31–77.38	22,972	9.07	0.0903	985,000	13	191
Adults without a high school education (%)	1.42–17.31	18,843	7.78	0.0774	581,000	12	119
	17.31–22.44	19,791	6.95	0.0692	611,000	12	137
	22.44–27.93	17,689	7.47	0.0743	590,000	12	143
	27.93–36.15	19,345	8.06	0.0802	720,000	12	151
	36.15–69.19	25,751	8.90	0.0886	818,000	13	160

Note: Block groups are separated into quintiles and within each quintile, the approximate number of hogs, number of CAFOs, and estimated ${\text{NH}}_3$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{S}$ annual average concentrations are provided. Low income refers to the population in households where the household income is less than or equal to twice the federal poverty level.^61,62 Linguistic isolation is defined by the U.S. Census as living in a household in which all members $\ge 14$ years of age speak a non-English language and speak English less than “very well.”⁶³ Person of color indicates individuals who do not identify as non-Hispanic White-alone. CAFO, concentrated animal feeding operation; ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{S}$, hydrogen sulfide; ${\text{NH}}_3$, ammonia.