Table 1. Cardiovascular complications in association with long COVID syndrome.

COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; NIS: National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample; VT: ventricular tachycardia; EF: ejection fraction

Source	Title	Country	Type of publication	Main findings	Prognosis of the patient
Szarpak et al., 2022 [4]	Myocarditis: A Complication of COVID-19 and Long-COVID-19 Syndrome as a Serious Threat in Modern Cardiology	Poland, Italy, United States	Letter  (used for literature review only)	Complication of COVID-19 in light of myocarditis discussed	Prognosis is such that if individuals are vaccinated then that only protects a patient from getting the virus and developing its worst complications
Mele et al., 2021 [5]	Myocarditis in COVID-19 Patients: Current Problems	Italy	Compiled information from case report and case series	Mainly identified by chest pain, ST elevation, increased troponin	Good prognosis, favorable outcome in hospitalized patients and discharged. But those with cardiogenic shock died.
Theetha Kariyanna et al., 2020 [37]	A Systematic Review of COVID-19 and myocarditis	United States	Systematic review	Over the age of 50; Both genders equally affected, most common presenting symptoms included dyspnea, chest pain, coughing, fever.	No significant difference in prognosis with virus + or virus - patients
Blankstein and Chandrashekhar, 2021 [38]	New Insights on COVID-19 and Heart	Germany	Cohort	Chest pain further seen if positional or differs with inspiration
Annie et al., 2022 [39]	Association with Myocarditis and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients in a Large Registry	United States vs Outside the United States	Cohort		Poor prognosis of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients  Evident association between covid-19 and myocarditis mortality rates, especially those with comorbidity.
Agdamag et al., 2020 [3]	Update on COVID-19 Myocarditis	United States	Review	Fatigue, fever, chills, cough, git complications  (young males more susceptible)	Pre-existing cardiac conditions and elevated troponin = worst prognosis high mortality, longer hospital stay and need for ventilation
Siripanthong et al., 2020 [2]	Recognizing Covid-19-related Myocarditis: the Possible Pathophysiology and Proposed Guideline for Diagnosis and Management	United Kingdom, Pennsylvania, Florida, Minnesota	Review	Fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain  (Article discusses differentials also)
Sattar et al., 2023 [41]	In-hospital Outcomes of Covid-19 Associated Myocarditis (From a Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Study)	United States NIS databases	Cohort  (COVID-19 with myocarditis and COVID-19 without myocarditis)		Higher prevalence of COVID-19 myocarditis in diabetes, chronic kidney failure, liver disease
Beşler and Arslan, 2020 [42]	Acute Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 Infection	Turkey	Case report		Febrile sensation and chest pain
Ramli et al., 2023 [43]	Post COVID-19 With Myocarditis: A Case Report	Malaysia	Case Report	A 44-year-old woman, gravida 7 para 6, at 32 weeks with complaints of palpitations, pre-syncopal attack, and tachycardia, had VT on the ECG and an EF of 60%.	She became asymptomatic with low-dose prednisolone.
Munoz et al., 2021 [44]	Cardiac Screening in a Young Adult Male Leading to Discovery of Post-COVID Myocarditis with Asymptomatic Large Apical Left Ventricular Thrombus	United States	Case Report	An 18-year-old individual who plays football experienced a three-day fever, myalgias, nausea, and vomiting. During the standard clearance process for the game, an increase in conventional troponin-I was detected.	He was diagnosed with COVID-19-related myocarditis, which led to a decreased ejection fraction and resulted in ventricular thrombus formation.
Pavon et al., 2020 [45]	First Documentation of Persistent SARS-Cov-2 Infection Presenting With Late Acute Severe Myocarditis	Switzerland	Case Report	A 64-year-old man presented with chest pain and dyspnea six weeks after being diagnosed with COVID-19 infection.	The patient developed severe cardiac involvement as seen on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging during the six-week asymptomatic period.
Rivera-Morales et al., 2020 [46]	Acute Myo-pericarditis in the Post COVID-19 Recovery Phase	United States	Case Report	A 73-year-old man presented to the ED with chest pain and dyspnea.	He was diagnosed with acute myopericarditis after noting the characteristic ECG findings like Spodick's sign.
Raman et al., 2022 [7]	Long COVID: Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 With a Cardiovascular Focus	United Kingdom	Review Article	The review article discusses the meaning of long COVID along with its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of cardiopulmonary manifestations.	Long COVID is a major health issue; however, even with limited knowledge about the same, it is vital to conduct screening tests to especially look for different organ system involvement and to help patients who are anxious about the same.
Khetpal et al., 2013 [48]	Long-term Cardiovascular Manifestations and Complications of Covid-19: Spectrum and Approach to Diagnosis and Management	United States	Review	This review discusses the long-term cardiovascular complications of COVID-19.	In most cases, the cardiac manifestations detected among the COVID-19 survivors were dysrhythmias, inflammatory diseases, ischemic diseases, heart failure, and dysautonomia.
Kotecha et al., 2021 [49]	Patterns of Myocardial Injury in Recovered Troponin-positive Covid-19 Patients Assessed by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance	United Kingdom	Original Research	148 patients who had a severe COVID-19 infection with elevated troponin levels were studied using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at a median of 68 days from discharge.	Out of the 148 patients, 54% had late gadolinium enhancement and/or ischemia, a myocarditis-like scar in 26%, an infarction and/or ischemia in 22%, and a dual pathology in 2%.
Breitbart et al., 2021 [50]	Clinical and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Findings in Post-Covid Patients Referred for Suspected Myocarditis	Germany	Original Paper	Using ECG, cardiac biomarkers, an echocardiograph, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, 56 post-COVID patients who still had symptoms like chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and intolerance to activity were studied.	Through a thorough diagnostic process, only 2% of the patients were found to have myocarditis.
Huang et al., 2020 [51]	Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From Covid-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging	China	Original Research	A research investigation was conducted on a group of 26 individuals who recuperated from COVID-19, encountered cardiovascular complications and underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.	Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed myocardial edema and late gadolinium enhancement in 58% of the patients.
Puntmann et al., 2019 [17]	Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	Frankfurt	Prospective observational cohort study	The investigation involved a group of one hundred individuals who had recuperated from COVID-19 and were selected from the University Hospital Frankfurt COVID-19 database during the period of April to June 2020.	Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed that the heart was involved in 78% of patients and that 60% of patients had ongoing inflammation of the myocardium. This was independent of the pre-existing conditions of the patients and the severity of COVID-19.