Table 2.

Results of PERMANOVA analyses based on Jaccard distance matrices for each dataset

Dataset	Variable	df	SumsOfSqs	MeanSqs	F.Model	R2	Pr(>F)
Spring	Species	1	0.64	0.64	1.81	0.08	0.001
	Sex	1	0.33	0.33	0.94	0.04	0.596
	Main island district	1	0.86	0.86	2.42	0.11	0.001
	Islet/population	6	3.32	0.55	1.56	0.42	0.001
	Residuals	8	2.84	0.36	NA	0.36	NA
	Total	17	8.01	NA	NA	1.00	NA
Summer	Species	1	0.68	0.68	1.95	0.08	0.004
	Sex	1	0.37	0.37	1.06	0.04	0.372
	Main island district	3	1.63	0.54	1.56	0.18	0.001
	Islet/population	6	3.15	0.53	1.51	0.35	0.001
	Residuals	9	3.12	0.35	NA	0.35	NA
	Total	20	8.94	NA	NA	1	NA
Autumn*	Sex	1	0.26	0.26	0.85	0.09	0.772
	Main island district	1	0.55	0.55	1.76	0.19	0.035
	Islet/population	2	1.13	0.57	1.83	0.39	0.007
	Residuals	3	0.93	0.31	NA	0.32	NA
	Total	7	2.87	NA	NA	1	NA
Spring + Summer	Species	1	0.64	0.64	1.90	0.12	0.001
	Islet/population	2	1.45	0.73	2.15	0.26	0.001
	Season	1	0.53	0.53	1.57	0.10	0.018
	Population:Season	2	0.86	0.43	1.27	0.16	0.057
	Residuals	6	2.03	0.34	NA	0.37	NA
	Total	12	5.51	NA	NA	1	NA
Summer + Autumn	Islet/population	3	2.01	0.67	1.96	0.32	0.001
	Season	1	0.53	0.53	1.56	0.08	0.028
	Population:Season	3	1.09	0.36	1.06	0.17	0.318
	Residuals	8	2.74	0.34	NA	0.43	NA
	Total	15	6.37	NA	NA	1	NA

Significant P-values (< 0.05) are highlighted in bold.

^*The autumn dataset contained only P. lilfordi samples and therefore was not tested for the “species” variable.