Table 2.

Examples of microbiota modulation after inulin ingestion.

Treatment	Duration	Models or subjects	Altered gut microbiota level		Reference
			Up-regulation	Down-regulation
Diet of inulin (2.5 g or 5 g/100 g	4 weeks	ob/ob mice	Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium	–	(42)
Inulin (16 g/d)	3 months	Obese patients	Bifidobacterium, Catenibacterium, Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis, Escherichia/Shigella, Lact-bacillus, and Dorea	Desulfovibrio, Roseburia, Butyricimonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, and Clostridium sensu stricto	(43)
An inulin-containing semi- purified, irradiated regular diet	6 weeks	Male C57BL/6J mice	Akkermansia, Roseburia, Bacteroides	Lactococcus, Ruminiclostridium_9, Ruminococcaceae and Streptococcaceae	(27)
Vilof™ soluble dietary fiber powder (3 g/kg bodyweight/d) containing 91% inulin-type fructans	12 weeks	Model of diabetes mellitus in rat	Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroides, and Phascolarctobacterium	Desulfovibrio	(40)
Water with 20% sucrose and 5% inulin (w/w)	6 weeks	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Bifidobacterium, Actinobacteria, Blautia and Phascolarctobacterium	Proteobacteria	(21)
Lieber–DeCarli liquid diets containing inulin (0.5 g/L)	6 weeks	Female C57BL/6J mice	Allobaculum, Lactobacillus and Lactococcus	Parasutterella	(44)
Inulin-propionate ester (20 g/d)	42 days	Overweight or obese adults not suffering from diabetes mellitus	Actinobacteria	Clostridia	(45)