Table 5.
β-Carotene and β-apo-8′-carotenal contents of processed food samples analyzed in this study
| Processed food sample | Label | Food matrix classification | β-carotene (µg/g) | β-apo-8′-carotenal (µg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft drink 1 | β-Carotene | Low-fat liquid | 1.43ijkl | ND |
| Soft drink 2 | β-Carotene | Low-fat liquid | 2.13efg | ND |
| Soft drink 3 | β-Carotene | Low-fat liquid | 1.58hijk | ND |
| Soft drink 4 | β-Carotene | Low-fat liquid | 1.72ijk | ND |
| Bread 1 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 1.72ghij | ND |
| Bread 2 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 2.43e | ND |
| bread 3 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 3.27d | ND |
| Bread 4 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | Trace | ND |
| Bread 5 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 0.74mno | ND |
| Bread 6 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | Trace | ND |
| Bread 7 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 2.20ef | ND |
| Bread 8 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Bread 9 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Bread 10 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 2.04efgh | ND |
| Cake 1 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 0.50o | ND |
| Cake 2 | β-Apo-8′-carotenal | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Cake 3 | β-Apo-8′-carotenal | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Cake 4 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | 0.76mno | ND |
| Cake 5 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | 1.43ijkl | ND |
| Castella | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 4.28c | ND |
| Chip | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Cracker 1 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 4.87b | ND |
| Cracker 2 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 4.96b | ND |
| Waffle | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | Trace | ND |
| Cookie 1 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 1.17klm | ND |
| Cookie 2 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 0.63no | ND |
| Smoked cheese 1 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | Trace | ND |
| Smoked cheese 2 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 0.55o | ND |
| Gouda cheese | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 1.85fghi | ND |
| Cheddar cheese 1 | β-Apo-8′-carotenal | Moderate-fat solid | ND | 0.35c |
| Cheddar cheese 2 | β-Apo-8′-carotenal | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Cheddar cheese 3 | β-Apo-8′-carotenal | Moderate-fat solid | 0.48o | 1.63a |
| Cheddar cheese 4 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Cheddar cheese 5 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | 1.17klm | ND |
| Cheddar cheese 6 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| cheddar cheese 7 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Cheddar cheese 8 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Shredded cheese | β-Apo-8′-carotenal | Moderate-fat solid | ND | 1.31b |
| Blended cheese 1 | β-Apo-8′-carotenal | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Blended cheese 2 | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Emmental cheese | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | 1.40ijkl | ND |
| Brie cheese | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Camembert cheese | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Plain cheese | Negative | Moderate-fat solid | ND | ND |
| Chocolate snack 1 | β-carotene | moderate-fat Solid | 6.92a | ND |
| Chocolate snack 2 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 4.28c | ND |
| Chocolate snack 3 | β-Carotene | Moderate-fat solid | 0.79mno | ND |
| Butter 1 | β-Carotene | High-fat solid | 1.02lmn | ND |
| Butter 2 | Negative | High-fat solid | 0.67no | ND |
| Butter 3 | Negative | High-fat solid | 2.04efgh | ND |
| Butter 4 | Negative | High-fat solid | 1.20klm | ND |
| Butter 5 | Negative | High-fat solid | Trace | ND |
| Butter 6 | Negative | High-fat solid | 1.55ijk | ND |
| Butter 7 | Negative | High-fat solid | 2.05efg | ND |
| Butter 8 | Negative | High-fat solid | 1.78fghi | ND |
| Margarine 1 | β-Carotene | High-fat solid | 1.81fghi | ND |
| Margarine 2 | Negative | High-fat solid | Trace | ND |
β-Carotene and β-apo-8′-carotenal contents followed by different letters for different processed samples are significantly different for the same compound by Duncan’s test at p < 0.05. ND and trace indicate that the result is below the method detection limit (MDL) or method quantitation limit (MQL), respective