Table 3.
Data retrieved from the three groups of MCI Triage, PHLSDC, and PHP, stratified according to identified themes and subthemes
| MCI Triage themes, subthemes, (number) | PHLSDC themes, subthemes, (number) | PHP Themes, Subthemes, (Number) |
|---|---|---|
|
Education Just in time (0) Initial curriculum (3) Maintenance curriculum (1) |
Education Just in time (1) Initial curriculum (18) Maintenance curriculum (5) |
Education Just in Time (9) Initial Curriculum (3) Maintenance Curriculum (25) |
|
Simulation training Tabletop (1) Live full scale (5) Screen-based (0) Virtual reality (1) Artificial reality (0) Audiovisual (0) |
Simulation training Tabletop (5) Live full scale (3) Screen-based (0) Virtual reality (0) Artificial reality (1) Audiovisual (0) |
Terminology of MCI processes Mass Casualty Incident (25) Incident management system (3) Disaster response (23) Incident command system (4) Mass casualty response (21) Agreed terminology (4) Critical incident management (1) Incident control (1) |
|
Competency Initial (8) Maintenance (1) Regulatory requirement (2) |
Competency Initial (17) Maintenance (10) Regulatory requirement (3) |
Competency Initial (3) Maintenance (22) Regulatory requirement (5) |
|
Indications: history (collected over time from scene to definitive care) Mechanism of injury (21) Time since injury (1) By-stander information/intervention/reaction (8) Warm ischemia time (entrapped) (0) Exposure to environment time (warm/cold/wind/water/chemical/smoke) (3) Co-morbid conditions (1) Medications (1) Allergies (0) |
Indications: history (collected over time from scene to definitive care) Mechanism of injury (13) Time since injury (3) By-stander information/intervention/reaction (3) Warm ischemia time (entrapped) (1) Exposure to environment time (warm/cold/wind/water/chemical/smoke) (12) Co-morbid conditions (0) Medications (3) Allergies (0) |
Policy/Planning framework Government (18) Humanitarian/Non-government (3) Organizational (24) Vulnerable populations (3) |
|
Activation/incident notification (43) Government request (7) By-stander information/intervention/reaction (3) Organizational activation (23) Surge plans (9) Staff recall (1) |
||
|
Indications: physical Initial cursory (14) Primary (22) Secondary (13) |
Indications: physical Initial cursory (11) Primary (26) Secondary (2) |
Command system/authority Government (8) Non-government (2) Organizational (18) |
|
Equipment: standard BP cuff (16) Stethoscope (12) Equipment: resource scarcity (11) IV (start kits, tubing IVF) (5) Meds (2) Bandages (1) Splinting (0) Spinal motion restrictions (0) Other (3) |
Equipment to perform PHLSDC Stopping the bleeding (11) Splinting (1) Placing spinal motion restriction (2) Needle decompression (2) Administering antidotes (6) Decontaminating (3) Starting IV's, IVF's (14); blood products (4) |
Resource augmentation/ allocation Human resources (15) Equipment (8) Air transport (9) Road transport (4) Mass fatality management (3) Family reunification (1) Field medical post (3) Telemedicine (3) Logistics (10) |
|
Basic monitors used for MCI Triage Cardiac (12) Pulse oximetry (10) |
Basic monitors used to perform PHLSDC Cardiac (9) Pulse oximetry (6) |
Safety Deployment (5) Decontamination (10) PPE (1) Hazard assessment (15) |
|
Advanced monitors for MCI Triage Ultrasound (1) Physiology monitor (cardiac output, blood vol) (1) Smart watch/bracelet) (2) |
Advanced monitors used to perform PHLSDC Ultrasound (2) Physiology monitor (cardiac output, blood vol) (7) Smart watch/bracelet (0) |
Casualty Distribution Live time (1) Coordinated/planned (19) Patient tracking (1) Distribution model (19) |
|
Record (patient chart)—electronic record (3) Paper: triage tag, patients' pocket (4) Radio (0) Verbal (0) |
Record (patient chart) Paper: triage tag, patients' pocket (5) Radio (4) |
Reporting/Documentation Electronic (6) Paper (2) Radio (2) |
|
Reassessment Warm ischemia (0) Compartment syndrome (0) Time on backboard (0) Response to IV’s (3) Response to pain meds (0) Response to antiemetics (0) New complaints (0) Continuous vital signs monitoring (14) |
Reassessment Warm ischemia (4) Compartment syndrome (4) Time on backboard (2) Response to IV’s (3) Response to pain meds (0) Response to antiemetics (0) New complaints (2) Continuous vital signs monitoring (8) |
Communication/ Situational awareness Social media (5) Radio (10) Telemetry (2) Remote access/ live feed/drone (4) |
|
Outcomes of decisions Treatment prioritization (15) Evacuation prioritization (19) |
Outcomes of decisions Treatment of prioritization (13) Airway (8) Bleeding (6) Compartment syndrome (4) Pressure injuries due to prolonged spinal motion restriction (SMR) (0) Emesis with aspiration due to SMR (0) Malignant dysthymia due to hyperkalemia due to crush syndrome (2) Second spinal injury due to lack of SMR or not place SMR (1) Amputation (1) Pul edema due to over fluid resuscitate (1) Other (42) |
First Responders All (Volunteer notification, Volunteer activation/management, first responder plans) (15) Volunteer activation/management (3) First Responder plans (3) |
|
Patient tracking Triage tags (3) RFID bracelets (1) Arm bands (1) Smart watch/bracelets (1) Other (2) |
||
|
Reporting (within the IMS transfer of care) Electronic (1) Paper: triage tag, patients' pocket (0) Radio (2) Phone (2) |
Report (within the IMS transfer of care) Electronic (0) Paper: triage tag, patients' pocket (3) Radio (4) Phone (1) |
Recovery/staff care Debrief (2) Staff Welfare (1) |
The (N) identifies the number of times a reference discusses the subtheme (some references discuss more than one subtheme). BP blood pressure, IMS integrated management system, IV intravenous, IVF intravenous fluid, MCI mass casualty incident, PPE personal protective equipment, RFID radio frequency identification, SMR spine motor restriction