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. 2023 Aug 24;6:870. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05243-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Long-tailed distribution of ADRs. ADRs in the vertical axis are ordered in decreasing order of popularity, i.e., the number of drugs in which a particular ADR appears. b The upset plot shows the detailed number of drug–ADR interactions in each class group of serious clinical outcomes. In the upset plot, the y-axis represents the number of drug–ADR interactions that cause serious clinical outcomes, while the x-axis represents the components of each group. The bar chart shows the distribution of the drug–ADR interactions in each serious clinical outcomes’ class.