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. 2023 Aug 24;13:13880. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41136-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Semi-quantitative estimation of CD14 + cell percentage (A); CD163:CD68 ratio (B) through histo/immunohistochemistry analysis; Estimation of surface area (µm²) in intimal area of plaques using the Optika software (× 64, 4.11.18081.20201205 (C). Estimation of foam cell percentage (D) for NG/NP treated groups, compared to the normal and the positive group (P-values for all groups versus related positive controls were labeled with * and ** which indicate less than 0.05 and 0.01, respectively; α = 0.05). Data represent mean ± SD (n = 3). Representative hematoxylin–eosin and immuno-histochemical staining (E) for the aorta sections in the rabbit group fed with cholesterol-free feed/negative control (a); NP treated group (b); NG treated group (c) and positive group (d). Black arrows in Eb, Ec and Ed show the location of foam cells. 100 μL of NG and NP containing about 48 ng/mL of Gliclazide was injected into each group (n = 8) daily and every 2 days for 4 weeks, respectively.