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. 2023 Aug 24;13:12187. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38964-3

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparing ChatGPT to university-level students. Comparing ChatGPT’s average grade (green) to the students’ average grade (blue), with error bars representing 95% confidence intervals. (a) Comparison across university courses. (b) Comparison across the “cognitive process” and “knowledge” dimensions of Anderson and Krathwohl taxonomy’s of learning. (c) Comparison across question types. p-values are calculated using bootstrapped two-sided Welch’s T-test, and only shown for courses where GPT does not receive a significantly lower grade compared to students (** = $p < 0.01$ ; *** = $p < 0.001$ ; $n s =$ not significant, i.e., $p > 0.05$ ).