Table 2.

Description of pan-cancer radiogenomic studies focused on clinical applications.

Cancer type	Study objective/genomic feature	Radiomic feature	Imaging modality	Machine-learning algorithm	Patients	Study type	Author
Breast cancer
	Oncotype Dx RS	Handcraft	MRI	None	43	Retrospective study	Thakur et al. [120]
	Oncotype Dx RS	Deep	Mammographic and MR	Linear regression models	556	Retrospective study	Woodard et al. [98]
	Oncotype Dx RS	Handcraft	MRI	Convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm	134	Retrospective study	Ha et al. [121]
	Oncotype Dx RS	Deep learning	MRI	None	382	Retrospective study	Li et al. [122]
	Predicting molecular subtypes	Deep	MRI	Convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm	213	Retrospective study	Ha et al. [123]
	Molecular subtypes	Deep	MRI	None	132	Prospective study	Iima et al. [124]
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	MRI	Linear regression	306	Prospective study	Tsai et al. [125]
	Molecular subtypes	Deep	MRI	Convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm	244	Retrospective study	Zhang et al. [126]
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	PET and MRI	multivariate logistic regression analysis	77	Retrospective study	Wang et al. [127]
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	Enhanced CT	Multivariate logistic regression analysis	131	Retrospective study	Gao et al. [128]
Medulloblastoma
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	MRI	Multivariate logistic regression analysis	111	A combined retrospective and prospective study	Dasgupta et al. [129]
Gliomas
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	MRI	Cross-validation model	110	Retrospective study	Buda et al. [130]
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT	ML was not used to build the predictive model	35	Prospective study	Garcia et al. [131]
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	MRI	Multivariate logistic regression analysis	272	Retrospective study	Nam et al. [132]
	Molecular subtypes	Handcraft	CT/MRI	Logistic regression analysis	189	Retrospective study	Zhao et al. [133]
	molecular subtypes	Deep	MRI	Convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm	1016	Retrospective study	Li et al. [134]
Hepatocellular carcinoma
	Identifying microvascular invasion (MVI)		CT	Multivariate logistic regression analysis	495	Retrospective study	Dasgupta et al. [135]
	Identifying microvascular invasion (MVI)	Handcraft	CT	LASSO logistic regression and logistic regression analysis	145	Retrospective study	He et al. [136]
	Identifying microvascular invasion (MVI)	Handcraft	CT	Logistic regression analysis	185	Retrospective study	Liu et al. 2021 [137]