Fig. 4.

An extra chromosome disrupts the morphology of the nucleus. a Images of yeast cells expressing Heh1-GFP to mark the nuclear envelope shows that an extra chromosome disrupts the morphology of the nucleus. Differential interference contract is shown (DIC). Scale bar, 5 µm. b Immunofluorescence microscopy of lamin B1 in red and DNA in blue of human skin fibroblasts (HSFs). Scale bar, 2.5 µm. Up to 50% of the population of trisomic HSFs show abnormal shapes compared to euploid controls. c Images of primary human astrocytes from 2 euploid donors and 2 donors with Down syndrome. DNA is stained blue. Scale bar, 2.5 µm. d Immunofluorescence microscopy of lamin B1 in red and DNA in blue of RPE1 cells harboring extra chromosomes. Scale bar, 5 µm. e Immunofluorescence microscopy of lamin B1 in red and DNA in blue of HSFs from donors with triple X and XYY syndromes. Scale bar, 5 µm. f Immunofluorescence microscopy of lamin B1 in red and DNA in blue of HSFs from young, old donors, and donor with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Scale bar, 2.5 µm. Images adapted from Hwang et al. (Hwang et al. 2019)