Table 3.
GRADE evidence profile
| Certainty assessment | Summary of findings | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (studies) Follow-up |
Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall certainty of evidence | Study event rates (%) | Relative effect (95% CI) |
Anticipated absolute effects | ||
| With [comparison] | With [intervention] | Risk with [comparison] | Risk difference with [intervention] | ||||||||
| Functional Independence (mRS 0–2) | |||||||||||
|
1005 (3 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Not serious | Not serious | Seriousb | None |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
46/498 (9.2%) | 119/507 (23.5%) |
RR 2.54 (1.85 to 3.48) |
92 per 1000 |
142 more per 1000 (from 79 more to 229 more) |
| Independent Ambulation (mRS 0–3) | |||||||||||
|
1005 (3 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Seriousc | Not serious | Not serious | None |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
120/498 (24.1%) | 206/507 (40.6%) |
RR 1.78 (1.28 to 2.48) |
241 per 1000 |
188 more per 1000 (from 67 more to 357 more) |
| Early Neurological Improvement | |||||||||||
|
1003 (3 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Not serious | Not serious | Seriousb | None |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
26/499 (5.2%) | 64/504 (12.7%) |
RR 2.46 (1.60 to 3.79) |
52 per 1000 |
76 more per 1000 (from 31 more to 145 more) |
| Excellent Neurological Recovery (mRS 0–1) | |||||||||||
|
1009 (3 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Not serious | Not serious | Seriousb | None |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
32/501 (6.4%) | 44/508 (8.7%) |
RR 1.35 (0.88 to 2.08) |
64 per 1000 |
22 more per 1000 (from 8 fewer to 69 more) |
| Poor Neurological Recovery (mRS 4–6) | |||||||||||
|
1009 (3 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Not serious | Not serious | Seriousd | None |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
378/501 (75.4%) | 301/508 (59.3%) |
RR 0.79 (0.72 to 0.86) |
754 per 1000 |
158 fewer per 1000 (from 211 fewer to 106 fewer) |
| ALL-Cause Mortality at 90 days | |||||||||||
|
1005 (3 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Not serious | Not serious | Seriousb | None |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
140/498 (28.1%) | 136/507 (26.8%) |
RR 0.95 (0.78 to 1.16) |
281 per 1000 |
14 fewer per 1000 (from 62 fewer to 45 more) |
| Any Intracranial Haemorrhage | |||||||||||
|
657 (2 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Seriousc | Not serious | Seriousb | None |
⨁◯◯◯ Very low |
71/327 (21.7%) | 171/330 (51.8%) |
RR 2.30 (1.50 to 3.51) |
217 per 1000 |
282 more per 1000 (from 109 more to 545 more) |
| Symptomatic Intracranial Haemorrhage | |||||||||||
|
1009 (3 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Not serious | Not serious | Seriousb | None |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
13/501 (2.6%) | 24/508 (4.7%) |
RR 1.83 (0.95 to 3.55) |
26 per 1000 |
22 more per 1000 (from 1 fewer to 66 more) |
| Decompressive Craniectomy | |||||||||||
|
657 (2 RCTs) |
Seriousa | Seriousc | Not serious | Seriousb | None |
⨁◯◯◯ Very low |
22/327 (6.7%) | 27/330 (8.2%) |
RR 1.22 (0.43 to 3.41) |
67 per 1000 |
15 more per 1000 (from 38 fewer to 162 more) |
CI confidence interval, RR risk ratio
aAll of the included RCTs showed an overall high risk of bias mainly attributed to the performance bias due to the lack of blinding
bNumber of events is less than 300 event
cI2 > 50%
dThe confidence interval does not exclude the risk of appreciable benefit/harm