Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Aug 23;10(1):e001760. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001760

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Meta-analysis of comorbidities among patients with asthma with airflow obstruction (AO) compared with COPD without a history of asthma (COPD-only) (A) and compared with asthma without airflow obstruction (asthma-only) (B). ORs were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status and body mass index. The order of comorbidities was based on the effect size compared with COPD-only in population-based cohorts. A detailed meta-analysis for each comorbidity, including individual study effects and statistics, is presented in the supplemental file (online supplemental figures S1.1-S1.9). Osteoporosis and GERD could not be meta-analysed in population-based cohorts and were calculated using data from the Danish Twin Registry (single-cohort data, (online supplemental table S7). Comorbidities in asthma-based cohorts could not be meta-analysed and were calculated using available data from U-BIOPRED (single-cohort data, (online supplemental table S7)). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.