TABLE 4.

The summary of nanocarriers designed for bone tuberculosis.

References NO.	Author/Year	Types of delivery system	Methods	Particle size (nm)	Drug-loaded	Encapsulation efficiency (%)	Drug loading (%)	Release time	Designed route of administration
Ge et al. (2018)	Ge et al., 2018	bovine serum albumin NPs	Self-emulsion solvent diffusion	60.5	IHN/RIF	87.8–98	19.8–20.1	5–6 days	Vein injection
Yahia et al. (2023a)	Yahia et al., 2023	bioimplant scaffold	gelatin-based hydrogel incorporating NPs	150/158	LVX/RIF	91.8/49.8	34.3/22.5	30 days/32 days	vertebral implant
Yahia et al. (2023b)	Yahia et al., 2023	3D-printed scaffolds	gelatine-based hydrogel containing silica NPs	84	RIF/LVX	84%	7.5%	60 days	3D-printed vertebral scaffold
Chen et al. (2019)	Chen et al., 2019	chitosan/carbon nanotubes NPs	cross-linking	150–250	INH	-	-	48 h	Vein injection
Prabhu et al. (2021)	Prabhu et al., 2021	mannosylated chitosan NPs	situ gel	142	RIF	73.9	-	12 h	Intra-articular injection
Zhu et al. (2011)	Zhu et al., 2011	mesoporous silica NPs-coated scaffold	gene transfection system	400	IHN/RIF	-	3.8/0.4	30 days	implantable composite scaffold
Liu et al. (2019)	Liu et al	Liposomes-in-hydrogel hybrid system	thin-film dispersion method	130	IHN	89.5	1.3	72 h	Intra-articular injection

Abbreviations: NPs, nanoparticles; INH, isoniazid; RIF, rifampicin; LVX, levofloxacin.