Table 1.
Weighted baseline characteristics of participants with smoking status (n = 34,657).
| Characteristics | Smoking status | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Non-smokers | Former smokers | Current smokers | ||
| Number of participants | 34,657 | 19,414 | 8,219 | 7,024 | - |
| Kidney stone (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 90.19 | 91.13 | 87.97 | 90.28 | |
| Yes | 9.81 | 8.87 | 12.03 | 9.72 | |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 47.48 ± 17.02 | 46.02 ± 17.10 | 54.37 ± 16.61 | 43.13 ± 14.66 | <0.0001 |
| Family PIR (mean ± SD) | 2.98 ± 1.66 | 3.14 ± 1.65 | 3.17 ± 1.59 | 2.28 ± 1.58 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Male | 48.09 | 41.80 | 57.56 | 54.23 | |
| Female | 51.91 | 58.20 | 42.44 | 45.77 | |
| Race (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 8.58 | 9.96 | 6.78 | 6.91 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.40 | 12.22 | 7.15 | 14.32 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 65.89 | 61.41 | 75.56 | 66.66 | |
| Other | 14.13 | 16.41 | 10.51 | 12.11 | |
| Education (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| High school graduate or less | 39.11 | 33.15 | 39.63 | 55.35 | |
| Some college or AA | 31.25 | 30.15 | 32.52 | 32.79 | |
| College graduate or above | 29.64 | 36.70 | 27.86 | 11.86 | |
| Marital status (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Cohabitation | 37.13 | 35.92 | 32.65 | 46.12 | |
| Live alone | 62.87 | 64.08 | 67.35 | 53.88 | |
| Laboratory data variables | |||||
| Serum uric acid, mg/dl (mean ± SD) | 5.42 ± 1.42 | 5.32 ± 1.40 | 5.68 ± 1.45 | 5.38 ± 1.39 | <0.0001 |
| Physical examination and personal life | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 29.08 ± 6.92 | 29.08 ± 6.99 | 29.81 ± 6.75 | 28.18 ± 6.80 | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Active | 44.91 | 41.59 | 46.26 | 52.65 | |
| Inactive | 55.09 | 58.41 | 53.74 | 47.35 | |
| Hypertension (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 65.73 | 68.78 | 54.75 | 70.84 | |
| Yes | 34.27 | 31.22 | 45.25 | 29.16 | |
| Diabetes (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 89.56 | 90.79 | 85.34 | 91.32 | |
| Yes | 10.44 | 9.21 | 14.66 | 8.68 | |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 96.54 | 97.68 | 93.79 | 96.72 | |
| Yes | 3.46 | 2.32 | 6.21 | 3.28 | |
| Gout (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 95.93 | 96.84 | 92.96 | 97.03 | |
| Yes | 4.07 | 3.16 | 7.04 | 2.97 | |