Table 3.

Adjusted sex-specific associations of adiposity measures (z-scores) with appendicular lean mass (kg) and upper extremity muscle quality (kg of grip strength per kg of arms lean mass) stratified by BMI in the Framingham Offspring Cohort in 1998-2001.

	Appendicular lean mass (kg)				Upper extremity muscle quality
BMI<30 kg/m2	N	βa	SE	P value	N	βa	SE	P value
Males
WC Z score	305	1.148	0.205	<0.0001	255	−0.658	0.123	<0.0001
SAT Z score	303	0.602	0.193	0.002	253	−0.450	0.118	0.0002
VAT Z score	303	0.291	0.165	0.08	253	−0.119	0.102	0.24
Females
WC Z score	394	0.659	0.121	<0.0001	342	−0.681	0.160	<0.0001
SAT Z score	388	0.387	0.114	0.0008	336	−0.718	0.144	<0.0001
VAT Z score	388	0.370	0.110	0.0009	336	−0.441	0.143	0.002
BMI≥30 kg/m2
Males
WC Z score	123	1.556	0.334	<0.0001	97	−0.422	0.185	0.02
SAT Z score	122	0.099	0.268	0.71	96	−0.173	0.144	0.23
VAT Z score	122	0.260	0.253	0.30	96	−0.103	0.146	0.48
Females
WC Z score	140	1.424	0.202	<0.0001	113	−0.999	0.209	<0.0001
SAT Z score	140	0.680	0.183	0.0003	114	−0.810	0.179	<0.0001
VAT Z score	140	0.404	0.157	0.01	114	−0.509	0.143	0.0006

Notes. BMI= Body Mass Index, WC= Waist Circumference, SA= Subcutaneous adipose tissue, VAT= Visceral adipose tissue. Statistically significant results are p ≤ 0.05 and are presented in bold.

^aModels for WC, SAT, and VAT were analyzed separately where each model was adjusted for age, height, physical activity index (PAI), current smoking and menopausal status (in women)