Table 3.

Measurement of independent variables.

Variables	Measurement technique	Types
Years of schooling (HHH)	The number of years of formal education received by the household head.	Continuous
Age of mother	Age of the mother in years.	Continuous
Years of schooling (mother)	The number of years of formal education received by the mother.	Continuous
Household size	Number of persons who have resided in the house within the past six months.	Continuous
ANC time	How frequently a mother visited a doctor during her pregnancy for checkups. Even though it might seem difficult to gather accurate information about ANC services received by mothers four or five years ago, the study was able to do so due to mothers' ability for remembering every detail of their pregnancy experience even decades later because it is the most awaited time of their lives. Mothers who did not feel confident answering the survey questions were replaced with another mother who did.	Binary (1 if visited more than 4 times, 0 otherwise)
Improved kitchen	Whether or not a household has a kitchen that has a peeler, blender, mop, rack, etc.	Binary (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)
Access to asset	Whether or not a woman has access to assets such as money, land, jewelry, a bank account, etc.	Binary (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)
Wealth index	A household's social status is determined by a proxy measure of wealth index, which is a categorical variable. Wealth index is divided into five categories such as poorest; lower middle; middle; upper middle and richest.	Categorical
Helping hand	Whether or not a mother have a helping person while cooking, cleaning or other household chores.	Binary (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)
Market access	Whether or not a mother can go to the market when necessary.	Binary (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)
Employment status	Whether or not a mother work outside for daily basis.	Binary (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)