. 2023 Aug 11;10:1203009. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1203009

Table 1.

Comparisons of the baseline clinical and echocardiographic data between the training and the validation cohorts.

Variable		Training cohort (n = 232)	Validation cohort (n = 100)	P-value	FDR-adjusted P-value
Age, year	61.56 ± 6.33	61.01 ± 6.49	0.475	0.687^a
Gender, n (%)	Male	147 (63.4%)	67 (67.0%)	0.525	0.687^b
Gender, n (%)	Female	85 (36.6%)	33 (33.0%)	0.525	0.687^b
BMI, kg/m²		23.55 ± 3.13	23.11 ± 3.36	0.250	0.605^a
Hypertension, n (%)		107 (46.1%)	53 (53.0%)	0.250	0.605^b
T2DM, n (%)		35 (15.1%)	18 (18.0%)	0.506	0.687^b
Dyslipidemia, n (%)		66 (28.4%)	26 (26.0%)	0.647	0.786^b
Smoking, n (%)		60 (25.9%)	32 (32.0%)	0.252	0.605^b
AF type	PAF	154 (66.4%)	72 (72.0%)	0.314	0.605^b
AF type	PeAF	78 (33.6%)	28 (28.0%)	0.314	0.605^b
AF duration, year		3 (2–4)	3 (2–4)	0.943	0.943^c
Antiarrhythmic drugs failure, n (%)		156 (67.2%)	62 (62.0%)	0.356	0.605^b
AF recurrence, n (%)		75 (32.3%)	25 (25.0%)	0.182	0.605^b
Time to recurrence	<6 months	19 (25.3%)	9 (36.0%)	0.304	0.605^b
Time to recurrence	≥6 months	56 (74.7%)	16 (64.0%)	0.304	0.605^b
LVEF, %		57.4 (54.2–60.6)	57.3 (54.1–60.7)	0.916	0.943^c
LAD, mm		42.0 (38.4–45.9)	43.6 (39.0–46.2)	0.323	0.605^c
LAVImax, ml/m²		38.2 (32.8–43.4)	36.7 (32.7–42.4)	0.288	0.605^c
LAAFV, cm/s		46.8 (37.2–57.4)	47.5 (39.9–52.8)	0.886	0.943^c
PALS, %		24.6 (21.5–28.3)	26.3 (22.3–31.1)	0.142	0.605^c

Variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) if they are not normally distributed.

FDR, false discovery rate; BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; AF, atrial fibrillation; PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PeAF, persistent atrial fibrillation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD, left atrial diameter; LAVImax, left atrium maximal volume index; LAAFV, left atrial appendage emptying flow velocity; PALS, peak atrial longitudinal strain.

^{^a}

For an independent-sample t-test.

^{^b}

For a chi-square test.

^{^c}

For a Mann–Whitney U test.