Table 5.
Silver nanoparticle (AgNP)–antibiotic complexes that demonstrated synergy in reported work. The corresponding references are included.
| Fabrication Method and Reducing Agent |
AgNP Size and Coating |
Synergy, Bacterial Model, and Method of Evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Biological Bacillus sp. [260] |
14–42 nm primary and aromatic amines |
ZoI; all combinations of fusidic acid, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and ampicillin against S. epidermidis, S. aureus, V. cholerae, S. aureus, Salmonella Typhi, and Salmonella Paratyphi |
| Chemical [261] | 10–30 nm nanosilver colloid |
MIC; allicin against MRSA |
| Biological Trichoderma viride Aspergillus flavus [262,263] |
5–40 nm | ZoI; ampicillin, kanamycin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol against E. coli, S. Typhi, S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, A. baumanii, K. pneumoniae, and Bacillus spp. |
| Biological Phytophthora Infestans [264] |
5–30 nm | ZoI, MIC, mupirocin, neomycin, vancomycin against S aureus; cefazolin, mupirocin, gentamycin, vancomycin against P. aeruginosa; and cefazolin, mupirocin, gentamycin, neomycin, tetracycline against E. coli. |
| Chemical Maltose [265] |
28 nm and 8 nm | MIC; amoxycillin, colistin, and gentamycin against A. pleuropneumoniae, and P. multocida. Penicillin G against A. pleuropneumoniae |
| Biological Mukia Maderaspatana [266] |
N. A. | ZoI; biofilm microplate; cefriaxone with B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. Typhi, and Pseudomonas fluorescens |
| Chemical ascorbic acid [267] |
20 nm | MIC; amoxicillin against E. coli |
| Biological E. hermannii, C. sedlakii, and P. putida [268] |
4–12 nm | ZoI; gentamicin against P. aeruginosa and vancomycin against S. aureus and MRSA |
| Chemical solid silver [269] |
N. A. | MIC, FIC, biofilm, and hydroxyl radical assay; E. faecium, S. mutans, and E. Coli with ampicillin; E. faecium and P. aeruginosa with chloramphenicol; S. aureus, S. mutans, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa with kanamycin |
| Biological K. pneumoniae [270] |
50 nm | ZoI; penicillin G, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin against S. aureus and E. coli |
| Biological Dioscorea bulbifera [271] |
8–20 nm | ZoI; chloramphenicol and vancomycin against P. aeruginosa, streptomycin with E. coli |
| Chemical sodium citrate and garlic [272] |
- citrate-coated |
ZoI; S. Typhi, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, M. luteus, S. aureus with amoxclav and S. Typhi with ampicillin |
| Chemical [273] | 3.0 nm | FI; E. faecium, ampicillin and chloramphenicol; S. mutans, ampicillin and kanamycin; E. coli, ampicillin and kanamycin; P. aeruginosa, chloramphenicol and kanamycin |
| Chemical NaBH4/citrate [274] |
5.0−12.0 nm citrate-coated |
A. baumannii with polymyxin B and rifampicin |
| Chemical NaBH4/maltose [265] |
8.0 nm gelatin-coated |
FIC; A. pleuropneumoniae, penicillin G; E. coli, colistin; S. aureus, gentamicin |
| Chemical Gallic acid [275] |
8.6 nm Gallic-acid-coated |
FIC; E. faecium, A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, and P. aeruginosa, ampicillin and amikacin; S. aureus, E. coli, and Enterobacter cloacae, amikacin (FIC) |
| Chemical NaBH4/citrate/hydrazine [276] |
10 nm PVP- and citrate-coated |
ZoI; S. aureus, cephalexin |
| Chemical NaBH4/citrate [277] |
16 nm PVP-coated |
ZoI; E. coli, streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline; S. aureus, streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline |
| Chemical NaBH4/citrate [278] |
19.3 nm SDS-coated |
ZoI; E. coli, streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline; S. aureus, streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline |
| Chemical ascorbic acid [279] |
20.0 nm | MIC; E. coli, amoxicillin |
| Chemical NaBH4 [280] |
20.0 nm PVP-coated |
ZoI; all combinations of vancomycin and amikacin and S. aureus and E. coli |
| Chemical Tween 80 [281] |
20.0–40.0 nm Tween 80-coated |
FIC; S. epidermidis and gentamicin |
| Chemical citrate [246] |
23.0 nm citrate-coated |
MIC and inhibition (plate counting); S. Typhimurium, tetracycline, neomycin, and penicillin G |
| Chemical ethylene glycol [251] |
25.0 nm PVP-coated |
FIC; E. coli and S. aureus, gentamicin |
| Chemical Maltose [282] |
26.0 nm gelatin |
MIC; E. coli, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, aztreonam, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cotrimoxazole, colistin, gentamicin, ofloxacin, oxolinic acid, and tetracycline; P. aeruginosa, amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, colistin, gentamicin, meropenem, ofloxacin, piperacillin, and piperacillin/tazobactam; S. aureus, ampicillin/sulbactam, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, penicillin, teicoplanin, tetracycline, and vancomycin |
| Chemical NaBH4/maltose [265] |
28.0 nm gelatin |
Amoxycillin, penicillin G, gentamicin, and colistin |
| Chemical Maltose [283] |
28.0 nm Maltose |
FIC; E. coli and K. pneumoniae with cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin; synergism in all resistant strains except to K. pneumonia carbapenemase |
| Chemical Citrate [253] |
29.8 nm citrate-coated |
Ampicillin, penicillin, enoxacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tetracycline, and S. Typhimurium |
| Chemical Citrate [284] |
29.8 nm citrate-coated |
Inhibition (plate counting); S. Typhimurium, enoxacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tetracycline |
| Chemical NaBH4/citrate [271] |
38.3 nm citrate-coated |
ZoI; E. coli, streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline; S. aureus, streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline |
| Chemical Citrate [251] |
70.0 nm Citrate-coated |
ZoI; vancomycin and S. aureus and E. coli |
| Biological Streptomyces cali- diresistants IF17 strain [284] |
5.0–20.0 nm biomolecules from actinobacterial strains |
FIC: E. coli, tetracycline; S. aureus, ampicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline; B. subtilis, ampicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline |
| Biological Klebsiella pneumoniae extract [271] |
5.0–32.0 nm proteins from biomass |
ZoI; E. coli, amoxicillin, erythromycin, penicillin, and vancomycin; S. aureus, amoxicillin, erythromycin, penicillin, and vancomycin |
| Biological Streptomyces calidiresistants IF11 [284] |
5.0–50.0 nm biomolecules from reducing strains |
FIC; B. subtilis, kanamycin |
| Biological Actinomycetes strains [277] |
17.0 nm proteins from biomass |
MIC and ZoI; E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa, ampicillin |
| Biological Klebsiella pneumoniae [285] |
20.0 nm - |
ZoI; E. faecalis, chloramphenicol and gentamicin |
| Biological silver-resistant estuarine P. aeruginosa strain [286] |
35.0–60.0 nm biomolecules from reducing strains |
ZoI; all combinations of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin with resistant S. aureus strain VN3 and ciprofloxacin-resistant V. cholera strain VN1 |
| Biological Trichoderma viride [287] |
5.0–40.0 nm proteins from biomass |
ZoI; E. coli, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and kanamycin; M. luteus, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin; S. Typhi, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and kanamycin; S. aureus, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and kanamycin |
| Biological Acinetobacter calcoaceticus [288] |
8.0–12.0 nm biomolecules from reducing strains |
ZoI or MIC; A. baumannii, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; Klebsiella (previously known as Enterobacter) aerogenes, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; E. coli, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; P. aeruginosa, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; S. Typhimurium, amikacin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; Shigella sonnei, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; S. aureus, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; S. mutans, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, kanamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin |
| Biological Cryphonectria sp. [289] |
30–70 nm | ZoI; S. aureus, S. Typhi, and E. coli, streptomycin |
| Biological Emericella nidulans [290] |
66.7 nm biomolecules from biomass |
FIC; E. coli, amikacin and streptomycin |
| Biological Aspergillus flavus [290] |
81.1 nm biomolecules from biomass |
FIC; E. coli, amikacin and streptomycin; S. aureus, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin |
| Biological Dioscorea bulbfera [272] |
2.0 nm biomolecules from biomass |
ZoI; all combinations of treptomycin, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, and ampicillin in E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus |
| Biological Dioscorea bulbifera [291] |
5.0–30.0 nm proteins from biomass |
ZoI; A. baumannii, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, piperacillin, rifampicin, and rimethoprim; B. subtilis, ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; E. cloacae, amikacin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and penicillin; E. coli, amikacin, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, polymyxin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim; Haemophilus influenzae, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim; K. pneumoniae, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, feropenem, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; Neisseria mucosa, amikacin, ampicillin, erythromycin, feropenem, gentamycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, polymyxin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; Proteus mirabilis, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and vancomycin; P. aeruginosa, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, feropenem, gentamycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; S. Typhi, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, piperacillin, polymyxin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; Serratia odorifera, ceftazidme, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, and vancomycin; S. aureus, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidme, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, polymyxin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim; Vibrio parahemolyticus, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, polymyxin, and trimethoprim |
| Biological Argyreia nervosa [292] |
5.0–40.0 nm biomolecules from biomass |
ZoI; S. aureus, amoxicillin/clavulamic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin; E. coli, amoxicillin/clavulamic acid, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin |
| Biological Gum kondagogu [293] |
5.8 nm biomolecules from biomass |
FIC; S. aureus, gentamicin and streptomicin; S. aureus, streptomicin; E. coli, streptomicin; P. aeruginosa, streptomicin |
| Biological Rosa damascenes [294] |
7.4–18.3 nm | ZoI; cefotaxime with E. coli and MRSA |
| Biological Ulva fasciata [295] |
15.0 nm | ZoI; E. coli, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, azithromycin, and gentamicin; Salmonella enterica, azithromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, cefotaxime, neomycin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracycline; S. aureus, azithromycin, oxacillin, cefotaxime, neomycin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracycline |
| Biological Eurotium cristatum [296] |
15.0–20.0 nm biomolecules from biomass |
ZoI; all combinations of vancomycin, oleandomycin, ceftazidime, rifampicin, penicillin G, neomycin, cephazolin, novobiocin, carbenicillin, lincomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, and Candida albicans, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli |
| Biological Urtica dioica Linn. [297] |
20.0–30.0 nm biomolecules from biomass |
ZoI; B. cereus, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefepime, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime; S. epidermidis, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefepime, and amoxicillin; S. aureus, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, cefepime, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime; B. subtilis, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefepime, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime; E. coli, streptomycin, amikacin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefepime, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime; S. Typhimurium, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefepime, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime; K. pneumoniae, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefepime, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime; Serratia marcescens, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime |
| Biological Zea may [298] |
45.3 nm biomolecules from biomass |
ZoI; B. cereus, E. coli, Listeria. monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and S. aureus, kanamycin and rifampicin |
| Commercial N. A. [299] |
10.0–15.0 nm N. A. |
Optical density; ampicillin, kanamycin, gentamycin, and clindamycin with A. baumannii |
| Commercial N. A. [300] |
15.2 nm starch |
FIC; Burkholderia pseudomallei with meropenem and gentamicin sulfate |
| Commercial N. A. [301] |
35.0 nm PVP |
FIC; E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and S. aureus, kanamycin |
Abbreviations: NA—not applicable; FIC—fractional inhibitory concentration; MIC—minimum inhibitory concentration; and ZoI—zone of inhibition.