Figure 2.

Effects of gRc on the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress in H₂O₂-treated myoblasts. (A) Myoblasts were co-transfected with mPGC-1α-Luc and β-galactosidase plasmids. After treatment with indicated concentrations of H₂O₂ for 24 h, luciferase activity was measured. The PGC-1α protein levels were determined by Western blotting. (B) After co-transfection with mPGC-1α-Luc and β-galactosidase plasmids, myoblasts were treated with gRc alone or in combination with H₂O₂. After normalization to β-galactosidase activity, relative mPGC-1α promoter activity was expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). Dots are individual values. (C) After treatment of myoblasts with gRc alone or in combination with H₂O₂, ATP level was determined and presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). Dots are individual values. (D) Myoblasts were pretreated with gRc and then exposed to H₂O₂ for 6 h. Cellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide generation was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Scale bar = 100 μm. *** p < 0.001 vs. vehicle-treated cells, ^### p < 0.01 vs. H₂O₂ + vehicle-treated cells; n.s., non-significant.