Figure 3.

Effects of gRc on H₂O₂-induced degradation of myotubes. (A) C2C12 myotubes were treated with gRc for 24 h and cell viability was measured. (B) Myotubes were treated with H₂O₂ up to 1 mM for 24 h. Relative cell viability and mitochondrial mass compared to vehicle-treated cells were expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). Dots are individual values. (C) Myotubes were pretreated with gRc for 12 h and further incubated with H₂O₂. After 24 h, cell viability and mitochondrial mass were determined and relative values were expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). Dots are individual values. (D) Myotubes were pretreated with gRc for 12 h and then treated with H₂O₂. After 24 h, cells were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for MyHC (green) and DAPI (blue). Fusion index and myotube length were quantitated and presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 7). Dots are individual values. (E) Effects of gRc on the expression of MyHC, MyoD, MAFbx, and MuRF1 in H₂O₂-treated myotubes were determined by Western blotting. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 vs. vehicle-treated cells, ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 vs. H₂O₂ + vehicle-treated cells; n.s., non-significant. Scale bar = 100 μm.