Table 1.
List of studies investigating the anti-aging potential of PRP via several parameters.
| PRP Used | Model | PRP Details | Target Disease/Organ | Senescence/Aging-Related Parameters Tested | Main Age-Related Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autologous IA PRP | In vivo: prospective, double-blinded, comparative RCT between PRP and HA | Leukocyte poor, single spin, PRP average volume of 4 mL | Knee OA | Inflammatory/catabolic markers by ELISA and pain scores (WOMAC, IKDC, VAS) | PRP indicated significantly better outcomes at weeks 24 and 52. Additionally, PRP treatment decreased the secretion of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1β and TNF-α | [12] |
| Human PRP releasate coated onto porous collagen-glycosaminoglycans (GAG) scaffolds | In vitro: human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and human pooled endothelial cells | Platelet concentration of 1 × 106/mL formulated into PRP releasate | Skin wound healing application | Proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, vascularisation, macrophage polarisation | PRP-coated scaffold exhibited enhanced angiogenic and vascularisation potential. It also indicated a lower release of pro-inflammatory markers when exposed to an inflammatory environment | [30] |
| Autologous IA and IO PRP for patient treatment before cell isolation | Ex vivo: human bone marrow MSCs | Liquid PRP IA: 8 mL and IO: 10 mL volumes, respectively |
Hip OA | MSC proliferation, SA-β-gal, gene expression | Enhanced MSC proliferation and stress resistance capacities in older MSC donors treated with PRP | [32] |
| Healthy male New Zealand white rabbit PRP; cell culture treated | In vitro: murine dermal fibroblasts | 1%, 5% and 10% PRP diluted in 1%FBS for in vitro cultures | Senescence associated phenotypes in photo aging | Cell morphology, SA-β-gal, cell cycle arrest, ECM, ROS | PRP prevented cell cycle arrest, reduced SA-β-gal, increased ECM collagen and decreased MMPs. PRP may counteract cell senescence in MSK | [34] |
| Allogenic, IV PRP | In vivo: senescent female BALB/c mice (16–18 months old); n = 46 | Not provided | Cognitive aging in senescent mice | Behavioural and cognitive: open-field, elevated plus maze, tail suspension, and Morris water maze test | PRP increased locomotion, improved memory, reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviour in old mice; enhanced cognitive function with PRP | [35] |
| Enhanced PRP (ePRP) powder prepared by freeze-drying PRP from human patients | In vitro: human dermal fibroblasts | Platelet count: 1 × 109/mL lyophilised powder reconstituted with 1 mL media | Wound healing in fibroblasts in vitro | Proliferation, wound healing, qPCR, intracellular ATP measurement, SA-β-gal, metabolic flux | ePRP stimulates wound healing by releasing growth factors, increased anti-oxidant production, halts the senescence progression of fibroblasts by activating SIRT1 expression | [107] |
| PRP prepared from rabbit/mouse used for the study | In vitro and in vivo: rabbit tendon cells in vitro studies and mice for in vivo studies | In vitro: 10%PRP and in vivo: 10 mL PRP | Injured tendons | In vitro—COX-1, COX-2, mPGES levels by gene expression, Western blotting and immunostaining; in vivo—immunohistochemistry | PRP treatment suppressed tendon cell inflammation in vitro and tendon inflammation in vivo, at least partially mediated by HGF in PRP | [109] |
| Intra-ovarian delivery of autologous PRP | In vivo: women with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) | 2–4 mL of PRP was injected underneath the ovarian cortex | Ovarian stimulation and IVF outcome in women with POI | Antral follicular count, follicle-stimulating hormone, IVF, clinical pregnancy | PRP treatment aided conception in women suffering from POI, with 7.4% of the women being able to conceive spontaneously after PRP treatment | [110] |
| Human PRP is used to treat NIH3T3 cells to be transplanted in vivo | In vivo: genetically modified NIH3T3 embryonic fibroblasts with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (NIH3T3-G) differentiated into osteoblasts transplanted into variectomized senescence-accelerated mouse prone substrain 8 (OVX-SAMP8 mice) | Not provided | Bone regeneration applications in osteoporosis and conditions associated with accelerated aging | Molecular imaging and immunohistochemistry | (PRP/NIH3T3-G) engraftment prevented the development of osteoporosis, and the life span of OVX-SAMP8 mice receiving PRP/NIH3T3-G transplantation was significantly prolonged | [111] |
PRP—Platelet rich plasma, IA—intra articular, IO—intra osseous, IV—intra venous, RCT—randomised controlled trial, HA—hyaluronic acid, BALB/c—Bagg Albino mice, ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, WOMAC—Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index, IKDC—International knee documentation committee, VAS—Visual analogue scale, SA-β-gal—senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, ECM—extracellular matrix, ROS—reactive oxygen species, qPCR—quantitative polymerised chain reaction, ATP—adenosine triphosphate, COX-1,2—Cyclooxygenase 1, 2, mPGES—microsomal prostaglandin e-synthase, IVF—in vitro fertilisation, IL-1β—interleukin 1-beta, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor-alpha, MSK—musculoskeletal, SIRT1- Sirtuin 1, HGF—hepatocyte growth factor.