Table 1.

List of studies investigating the anti-aging potential of PRP via several parameters.

PRP Used	Model	PRP Details	Target Disease/Organ	Senescence/Aging-Related Parameters Tested	Main Age-Related Findings	Ref.
Autologous IA PRP	In vivo: prospective, double-blinded, comparative RCT between PRP and HA	Leukocyte poor, single spin, PRP average volume of 4 mL	Knee OA	Inflammatory/catabolic markers by ELISA and pain scores (WOMAC, IKDC, VAS)	PRP indicated significantly better outcomes at weeks 24 and 52. Additionally, PRP treatment decreased the secretion of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1β and TNF-α	[12]
Human PRP releasate coated onto porous collagen-glycosaminoglycans (GAG) scaffolds	In vitro: human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and human pooled endothelial cells	Platelet concentration of 1 × 106/mL formulated into PRP releasate	Skin wound healing application	Proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, vascularisation, macrophage polarisation	PRP-coated scaffold exhibited enhanced angiogenic and vascularisation potential. It also indicated a lower release of pro-inflammatory markers when exposed to an inflammatory environment	[30]
Autologous IA and IO PRP for patient treatment before cell isolation	Ex vivo: human bone marrow MSCs	Liquid PRP IA: 8 mL and IO: 10 mL volumes, respectively	Hip OA	MSC proliferation, SA-β-gal, gene expression	Enhanced MSC proliferation and stress resistance capacities in older MSC donors treated with PRP	[32]
Healthy male New Zealand white rabbit PRP; cell culture treated	In vitro: murine dermal fibroblasts	1%, 5% and 10% PRP diluted in 1%FBS for in vitro cultures	Senescence associated phenotypes in photo aging	Cell morphology, SA-β-gal, cell cycle arrest, ECM, ROS	PRP prevented cell cycle arrest, reduced SA-β-gal, increased ECM collagen and decreased MMPs. PRP may counteract cell senescence in MSK	[34]
Allogenic, IV PRP	In vivo: senescent female BALB/c mice (16–18 months old); n = 46	Not provided	Cognitive aging in senescent mice	Behavioural and cognitive: open-field, elevated plus maze, tail suspension, and Morris water maze test	PRP increased locomotion, improved memory, reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviour in old mice; enhanced cognitive function with PRP	[35]
Enhanced PRP (ePRP) powder prepared by freeze-drying PRP from human patients	In vitro: human dermal fibroblasts	Platelet count: 1 × 109/mL lyophilised powder reconstituted with 1 mL media	Wound healing in fibroblasts in vitro	Proliferation, wound healing, qPCR, intracellular ATP measurement, SA-β-gal, metabolic flux	ePRP stimulates wound healing by releasing growth factors, increased anti-oxidant production, halts the senescence progression of fibroblasts by activating SIRT1 expression	[107]
PRP prepared from rabbit/mouse used for the study	In vitro and in vivo: rabbit tendon cells in vitro studies and mice for in vivo studies	In vitro: 10%PRP and in vivo: 10 mL PRP	Injured tendons	In vitro—COX-1, COX-2, mPGES levels by gene expression, Western blotting and immunostaining; in vivo—immunohistochemistry	PRP treatment suppressed tendon cell inflammation in vitro and tendon inflammation in vivo, at least partially mediated by HGF in PRP	[109]
Intra-ovarian delivery of autologous PRP	In vivo: women with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)	2–4 mL of PRP was injected underneath the ovarian cortex	Ovarian stimulation and IVF outcome in women with POI	Antral follicular count, follicle-stimulating hormone, IVF, clinical pregnancy	PRP treatment aided conception in women suffering from POI, with 7.4% of the women being able to conceive spontaneously after PRP treatment	[110]
Human PRP is used to treat NIH3T3 cells to be transplanted in vivo	In vivo: genetically modified NIH3T3 embryonic fibroblasts with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (NIH3T3-G) differentiated into osteoblasts transplanted into variectomized senescence-accelerated mouse prone substrain 8 (OVX-SAMP8 mice)	Not provided	Bone regeneration applications in osteoporosis and conditions associated with accelerated aging	Molecular imaging and immunohistochemistry	(PRP/NIH3T3-G) engraftment prevented the development of osteoporosis, and the life span of OVX-SAMP8 mice receiving PRP/NIH3T3-G transplantation was significantly prolonged	[111]

PRP—Platelet rich plasma, IA—intra articular, IO—intra osseous, IV—intra venous, RCT—randomised controlled trial, HA—hyaluronic acid, BALB/c—Bagg Albino mice, ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, WOMAC—Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index, IKDC—International knee documentation committee, VAS—Visual analogue scale, SA-β-gal—senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, ECM—extracellular matrix, ROS—reactive oxygen species, qPCR—quantitative polymerised chain reaction, ATP—adenosine triphosphate, COX-1,2—Cyclooxygenase 1, 2, mPGES—microsomal prostaglandin e-synthase, IVF—in vitro fertilisation, IL-1β—interleukin 1-beta, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor-alpha, MSK—musculoskeletal, SIRT1- Sirtuin 1, HGF—hepatocyte growth factor.