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. 2023 Aug 13;13(16):2612. doi: 10.3390/ani13162612

Table 6.

Prevalence of Babesia vogeli infection in dogs and in other canids.

Country/Region Prevalence of Infected Dogs (No. of Infections) Time of Blood
Collection		 Ref.
Australia
Australia Northern Australia: Tanami Desert, Kakadu National Park, Arnhem Land 21.4% (46 out of 215) 1 2000–2004 [207]
Northern Australia: Arnhem Land: Maningrida 10% (13 out of 130) 1 2009–2010 [208]
Northern Australia: Katherine city in the Northern Territory 8% (11 out of 138) 2009–2012 [209]
Eastern Australia: southeastern Queensland 0% (0 out of 100) 2010 [208]
Eastern Australia: southeastern Queensland 1% (1 out of 100) 2009–2012 [209]
Central Australia: Ti-Tree communities in the Northern Territory 10% (5 out of 51) 1 2010 [246]
Eastern Australia: communities in Moree, Mungindi, Toomelah, Boggabilla 4.4% (2 out of 45) 1 2013 [246]
Various Aboriginal communities in western, central, northern, and eastern Australia 43.6% (17 out of 39) 1 2008–2009 [247]
Australia 3.6% (27 out of 740) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Asia
India Southern India: Kerala State 6.3% (19 out of 300) Before 2018 3 [248]
Southern India: Chennai city 10% (23 out of 230) 2018 [226]
Southern India: Thrissur district of Kerala State 7.5% (6 out of 80) 4 Before 2017 3 [249]
Eight various states of India 1.2% (4 out of 330) 2012–2014 [250]
Nepal Central Nepal: Kathmandu city 11.4% (8 out of 70) 5 2017 [251]
Pakistan Eastern Pakistan: Bahawalpur city 0% (0 out of 49) 2018–2019 [252]
China Southeastern China: Guangdong province (Shenzhen city) 11% (30 out of 272) 2018 [253]
Eastern China: Jiangsu province (Taixing city) 11.3% (11 out of 97) 2012–2014 [233]
Northern China: Gansu province 1.4% (2 out of 141) 2015–2016 [254]
Northwestern China: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 16.7% (2 out of 12) 6 Before 2021 3 [255]
Southeastern China: Hong Kong 2.1% (34 out of 1648) 2018–2021 [256]
Iran Northern Iran: Mazandaran province 0% (0 out of 75) 2018–2019 [252]
Northern Iran: Teheran province 25% (10 out of 40) 1 2016–2017 [237]
Western Iran: Provinces of Kermanshah, Khuzestan, and Hamadan 2% (4 out of 201) 2018–2019 [252]
Central Iran: Yazd province 0% (0 out of 78) 2018–2019 [252]
Saudi Arabia Central Saudi Arabia: Riyadh city 1.9% (1 out of 53) 2016 [257]
Central Saudi Arabia: Riyadh province 0% (0 out of 74) 2018–2019 [258]
Southwestern Saudi Arabia: Asir province 30% (21 out of 70) 1 2018–2019 [258]
Thailand Northern Thailand: Mahasarakham province 6.3% (5 out of 79) 1 2014 [259]
Central and western Thailand 18.2% (8 out of 44) 2020 [260]
Western Thailand: Buriram province 2% (1 out of 49) Before 2019 3 [261]
Southern Thailand: Pathum Thani province 0% (0 out of 95) 2022 [262]
Southern Thailand 19.9% (28 out of 141) 7 2021 [263]
Japan Southwestern Japan: Okinawa Island 6.2% (5 out of 80) 1 2001 [264]
Japan 0.1% (5 out of 3463) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Singapore Singapore 8.4% (118 out of 1396) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Taiwan Various parts of Taiwan 9.5% (37 out of 388) 2015–2017 [245]
Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia 2.1% (5 out of 240) Before 2018 3 [227]
Philippines Northern Philippines: Metro Manila 5.3% (6 out of 114) 2013–2014 [265]
Northern Philippines: Metro Manila and Laguna 6.8% (17 out of 248) Before 2018 3 [230]
Cambodia Northern Cambodia: Preah Vihear province 32.7% (33 out of 101) 1 Before 2016 3 [266]
Palestine Palestine: 10 various districts 1.9% (7 out of 362) 2010, 2014, 2015 [225]
Turkey Southeastern Turkey 1.4% (3 out of 219) 2015 [179]
Africa
Egypt Northern Egypt: governorates of Giza, Kafr El Sheikh, Qalyubia, and Gharbia 5.1% (14 out of 275) 2019 [267]
Northern Egypt: Cairo 25.6% (62 out of 242) Before 2021 3 [268]
Northern Egypt: Cairo and Giza cities 6.4% (8 out of 124) Before 2022 3 [234]
Sudan Eastern Sudan: Barbar el Fugara village 2.6% (2 out of 78) 1 1997–2000 [49]
Tunisia Four locations in various parts of Tunisia: Zaga, Sidi Thabet, Somâa, and Bouhajla 6.7% (12 out of 180) 2006 [235]
Nigeria Central Nigeria: Jos South in Plateau State 1.2% (1 out of 84) 2011 [59]
Central Nigeria: Abuja city 10.8% (52 out of 480) 8 2015–2016 [244]
Angola Western Angola: Luanda city 5.8% (6 out of 103) 2013 [269]
Zambia Southern Zambia: Lusaka, Mazabuka, Monze, and Shangombo cities 2.8% (7 out of 247) 2016 [63]
South Africa South Africa: various provinces 4.4% (13 out of 297) Before 2004 3 [270]
Northern South Africa: Northern Gauteng province and North West province 2.7% (14 out of 527) 2000–2006 [41]
Central South Africa: Free State province 10.1% (13 out of 129) 2000–2006 [41]
Europe
Albania Central Albania: Tirana city 10% (3 out of 30) 2008 [161]
Romania Romania 3.7% (4 out of 109) 9 2009–2010 [166]
Southern Romania 2.7% (8 out of 300) 2017 [164]
Eastern Romania: Iasi city 3.3% (3 out of 90) 4 2019 [40]
Hungary Hungary 1.3% (1 out of 78) 9 2009–2010 [166]
Croatia Croatia 0.2% (2 out of 848) 2007–2008 [157]
Serbia Northern Serbia: Pančevo city 5.1% (3 out of 59) 2012–2014 [271]
Southern Serbia: Niš and Prokuplje cities 0% (0 out of 66) 2012–2014 [271]
Central Serbia: Belgrade city 0% (0 out of 111) 2015 [159]
Slovenia Central Slovenia: Ljubljana city 1.3% (3 out of 238) 2000–2002 [160]
Austria Austria 0.3% (3 out of 1146) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Switzerland Switzerland 0.4% (7 out of 1540) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Italy Northern Italy 1% (1 out of 103) 4 2003–2008 [174]
Central Italy 16.3% (7 out of 43) 4 2003–2008 [174]
Central Italy: Tuscany 2.6% (3 out of 117) 2012–2013 [172]
Southern Italy 16.7% (3 out of 18) 4 2003–2008 [174]
Southern Italy: provinces in Campania region 1.1% (15 out of 1311) 2015 [173]
Italy 0.2% (2 out of 913) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Malta Malta 4% (4 out of 99) 2013 [272]
France Southern France 13.6% (19 out of 140) 2010–2012 [138]
France 0.2% (7 out of 2931) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Spain Central and southern Spain 1.2% (3 out of 250) Before 2007 3 [273]
Spain 2.4% (36 out of 1466) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Portugal Twelve various districts 35.7% (5 out of 14) 10 2017–2019 [236]
Southern Portugal: Lisbon 2.8% (4 out of 142) 2016–2017 [274]
Portugal 0.7% (1 out of 143) 2 2013–2017 [52]
The Netherlands The Netherlands 0.8% (6 out of 761) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Belgium Belgium 1.7% (1 out of 58) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Luxembourg Luxembourg 0.8% (1 out of 122) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Germany Germany 0.4% (49 out of 11,472) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Russia Southwestern Russia: Rostov Oblast 4% (4 out of 100) Before 2015 3 [275]
United Kingdom United Kingdom 0.3% (8 out of 2335) 2 2013–2017 [52]
North America
Canada Canada 0.2% (15 out of 6791) 2 2013–2017 [52]
United
States		 37 states of the United States and one Canadian province (Ontario) 1.5% (10 out of 673) 2 2000–2003 [276]
Western United States: California 0.9% (4 out of 461) 11,12 2015–2019 [277]
Western United States: California 7.1% (3 out of 42) 4 2009–2011 [278]
Southern United States: Southern Texas 9% (11 out of 122) 2016 [279]
United States 0.3% (29 out of 9367) 2 2015–2018 [5]
United States 0.3% (194 out of 61,185) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Mexico South-central Mexico: State of Morelos (Cuautla city) 10% (3 out of 30) 4 Before 2017 3 [218]
El Salvador Southern El Salvador: La Libertad and San Salvador departments 21% (21 out of 100) 4 2016–2017 [280]
Nicaragua Southwestern Nicaragua: Rivas city 15.4% (6 out of 39) 2012 [281]
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 1.2% (1 out of 80) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Haiti Haiti 7.7% (16 out of 207) 2013 [282]
Costa Rica Northwestern Costa Rica 20% (8 out of 40) 2012 [283]
Costa Rica 5.3% (24 out of 453) 13 2011–2014 [243]
Costa Rica 31.2% (125 out of 400) 2011–2014 [243]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts island 7.8% (14 out of 179) 2009–2011 [284]
Saint Kitts and Nevis 3.6% (4 out of 110) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Grenada School of Veterinary Medicine at St. George’s University 7% (5 out of 73) 2006 [285]
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad island 3.1% (10 out of 325) 2004–2006 [286]
South America
Venezuela Northern Venezuela: Falcón State 2.2% (3 out of 134) Before 2007 3 [273]
Colombia Central Colombia: Bogotá, Villavicencio, and Bucaramanga cities 5.5% (5 out of 91) Before 2012 3 [287]
Northern Colombia: Córdoba Department 26.2% (11 out of 42) 4 2013–2014 [288]
Northern Colombia: Magdalena Department 13% (22 out of 169) 2017 [242]
Colombia 1.8% (2 out of 113) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Ecuador Eastern Pacific Ocean: Galápagos Islands (Isabela Island) 0% (0 out of 95) 13 2004 [289]
Brazil Northern Brazil: Amazon region 10.6% (5 out of 47) 2008–2010 [290]
Northeastern Brazil: the State of Paraíba (the municipality of Patos) 10% (10 out of 100) 14 2012 [241]
Eastern Brazil: Pernambuco state (the municipality of Petrolina) 57.9% (234 out of 404) 13 2011–2012 [216]
Eastern Brazil: Pernambuco state (Recife city) 4.8% (7 out of 146) Before 2016 3 [291]
Eastern Brazil: Cerrado region 7.9% (5 out of 63) 2008–2010 [290]
Southwestern Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul State (Corumbá municipality) 14.3% (6 out of 42) 2013–2015 [292]
Midwestern Brazil: Mato Grosso State (Poconé municipality) 3.1% (10 out of 320) 2009 [215]
Southeastern Brazil: Minas Gerais State (regions: Lavras, Belo Horizonte, Nanuque) 28.7% (70 out of 244) 13 2004 [293]
Southeastern Brazil: Minas Gerais State (regions: Lavras, Belo Horizonte, Nanuque) 17.1% (12 out of 70) 15 2004 [293]
Southeastern Brazil: Minas Gerais State (regions: Lavras, Belo Horizonte, Nanuque) 9.9% (25 out of 252) 16 2004 [240]
Southeastern Brazil: Minas Gerais State (regions: Lavras, Belo Horizonte, Nanuque) 10.8% (18 out of 166) 17 2004–2005 [240]
Southeastern Brazil: Rio de Janeiro State (Itaguaí municipality) 14.1% (55 out of 390) 5 Before 2018 3 [239]
Southeastern Brazil: Espírito Santo State (Alegre, Colatina, Santa Teresa, Serra, Vila Velha, Vitória minicipalities) 1.3% (5 out of 378) Before 2018 3 [294]
Southern Brazil: Paraná State 11% (20 out of 182) 2014 [238]
Brazil 1.5% (17 out of 1105) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Paraguay Southwestern Paraguay: Asunción city 5.5% (21 out of 384) 2015–2016 [295]
Paraguay 9.2% (37 out of 400) 2 2013–2017 [52]
Peru Northwestern Peru: Piura city 1.4% (3 out of 212) 2014–2015 [296]
Argentina Central Argentina: Córdoba and Santa Fé provinces 7.7% (5 out of 65) Before 2016 3 [297]
Southern Argentina: Santa Cruz province 0% (0 out of 48) 18 2010–2015 [298]
Chile Middle Chile: Coquimbo region 7.9% (5 out of 63) 2018–2019 [299]

1 Free-roaming dogs. 2 Results of PCR-tested canine blood samples in a clinical laboratory (in some countries may include more cases with clinical signs suggestive of babesiosis). 3 Unknown time of tick collection. 4 Dogs with clinical signs suggesting babesiosis or similar disease. 5 Discrepancies between results in various parts of the article. 6 Prevalence in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). 7 Dogs in a shelter. 8 Prevalence based on microscopic examination of blood smears, infection with B. vogeli confirmed by PCR and sequencing (unknown primer sequences and PCR details). 9 Dogs were imported to Germany. 10 Only dogs infected with Rickettsia massiliae were examined for the presence of Babesia spp. 11 Splenic samples from coyotes (Canis latrans) were examined. 12 Total of 4 out of 14 sequenced PCR products were 100% homologous with B. vogeli. 13 Seroprevalence. 14 Dogs with tick infestation. 15 PCR testing only of 70 seropositive dogs out of 244 examined animals. 16 Prevalence in dry season April-September 2004. 17 Prevalence in rainy season October 2004 to March 2005. 18 Prevalence in South American gray foxes (Lycalopex griseus).