Figure 2.

Cellular Origins of CAFs in Pancreatic Cancer. This figure depicts the different cell types that can be activated by various growth factors, cytokines, and/or physiological conditions to transition into CAFs. These cell types include resident fibroblasts, pancreatic stellate cells, mesenchymal stem cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, adipocytes, pericytes, fibrocytes, and smooth muscle cells. These diverse cell sources contribute to the pool of CAFs in the TME. Some key markers associated with CAFs are alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1), also known as S100A4. This figure was reprinted with permission from Ref. [49]. 2019, Liu et al.