Figure 3.

Intergroup comparison of variations in insulin secretion indexes between the control and PPEP groups. The variations were calculated using the following formula: (3 months post-supplementation − baseline). Comparison between groups was performed using a paired t-test for normally distributed data and a Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed data; p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference. The difference between groups is indicated by *: p < 0.05. AUC, area under the curve; Glu, glucose; IGI, insulinogenic index; Ins, insulin.