Table 2.
Comparative table of insulin homeostasis between the control and PPEP groups.
| Control (n = 9) | p-Value 1 | PPEP (n = 9) | p-Value 1 | p-Value 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin Homeostasis (mUI/L) | ||||||
| Fasting insulinemia | Baseline | 25.2 ± 12.4 | 0.19 | 29.9 ± 21.7 | 0.91 | |
| 3 months | 17.1 ± 6.8 | 28.7 ± 25.6 | ||||
| Δ | −8.1 ± 16.2 | −1.2 ± 30.1 | 0.56 | |||
| Time 30 of OGTT | Baseline | 79.3 ± 26.2 | 0.80 | 83.1 ± 30.6 | 0.18 | |
| 3 months | 81.9 ± 33.3 | 64.6 ± 36.4 | ||||
| Δ | 2.6 ± 29.1 | −18.6 ± 38.4 | 0.17 | |||
| Time 60 of OGTT | Baseline | 90.6 ± 62.5 | 0.74 | 110.7 ± 54.2 | 0.06 | |
| 3 months | 96.3 ± 61.4 | 76.1 ± 34.7 | ||||
| Δ | 5.7 ± 48.6 | −34.6 ± 47.9 | 0.16 | |||
| Time 90 of OGTT | Baseline | 87.7 ± 48.7 | 0.93 | 109.7 ± 77.3 | 0.10 | |
| 3 months | 86.9 ± 43.7 | 61.7 ± 33.7 | ||||
| Δ | −0.8 ± 26.3 | −48.0 ± 78 | 0.13 | |||
| Time 120 of OGTT | Baseline | 59.9 ± 37.6 | 0.36 | 65.9 ± 49.8 | 0.16 | |
| 3 months | 69.6 ± 43.1 | 44.6 ± 14.7 | ||||
| Δ | 9.7 ± 29.9 | −21.3 ± 40.7 | 0.15 | |||
| Minimum value | Baseline | 23.2 ± 11 | 0.24 | 23.2 ± 16 | 0.41 | |
| 3 months | 17.1 ± 6.8 | 17.1 ± 9.4 | ||||
| Δ | −6.0 ± 13 | −6.1 ± 17.3 | 0.99 | |||
| Maximum value | Baseline | 113.8 ± 60.5 | 0.97 | 132.5 ± 71.1 | 0.17 | |
| 3 months | 114.5 ± 58.8 | 95.1 ± 35.1 | ||||
| Δ | 0.7 ± 47.3 | −37.4 ± 74.1 | 0.49 | |||
| Mean value | Baseline | 68.5 ± 30.5 | 0.82 | 79.9 ± 35.0 | 0.02 | |
| 3 months | 70.3 ± 31.1 | 55.1 ± 17.4 | ||||
| Δ | 1.8 ± 22.6 | −24.7 ± 32.4 | 0.08 | |||
| AUC insulinemia | Baseline | 8933 ± 4109 | 0.32 | 10,704 ± 4718 | 0.01 | |
| 3 months | 10,270 ± 4772 | 6377 ± 1893 | ||||
| Δ | 1336 ± 3783 | −4327 ± 4424 | 0.04 | |||
| Insulin resistance 3 | Yes | 9 (99.9%) | 6 (66.6%) | |||
| No | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (33.3%) | 0.04 | |||
Intra-group comparison (baseline vs. 3 months after supplementation for each group) and inter-group comparison (variation for PPEP vs. variation for control). 1 Intra-group comparison between the pre-supplementation (baseline) and post-supplementation (3 months) values for the PPEP and control groups. 2 Inter-group comparison of variations (Δ) between the PPEP and control groups. The variations were calculated using the following formula: (3 months post-supplementation − baseline). 3 The threshold of insulin resistance was defined by a HOMA-IR index > 1.85 for men and >2.07 for women. Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) and quantity (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Comparison of two groups was performed on matched data by a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test or by a paired t-test according to data normality, p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, highlighted in bold. AUC, area under the curve; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; Δ, variation between pre- and post-supplementation values.