Figure 2.

Expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (panel A) and interleukin1 beta (Il-1β) (panel B) genes in Caco2 cells as determined by RT-PCR. Caco2 cells were treated at 37 °C for 24 h, under 5% CO₂, with: basal medium (negative control); basal medium with LPS (10 μg/mL) (positive control, LPS); and 10 μg/mL of the freeze-dried extracts from SD0 and SD5, before (T0) and after (T24) sourdough fermentation. Results are expressed as percent ratio to LPS treatment. Values are means of two experiments in triplicate. ^a–c Values with different superscript letters differ significantly (p < 0.05). Bars of standard deviations are also represented.