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DNA damage p53 mediated stress response mechanism [55,56,57]. ATM: ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, JNK: jun N-terminal kinase, Chk1 and Chk2: checkpoint kinases 1 and 2, Mdm2: murine double minute 2, MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases, CKs: casein kinases, CDKN1A: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, GADD45A: growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha, XPC: xeroderma pigmentosum, Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bcl-L: B-cell lymphoma-extra large.
