. 2023 Aug 11;12(8):1119. doi: 10.3390/biology12081119

Table 1.

Stress factors and their effect on embryonic stem cells growth.

Stress		Cell Type	Mechanism	Title 4	Ref.
Hypoxia (O₂)	2% 20%	Mouse TSC ¹	pSAPK, CDX2, Id2, Errβ increased	Multipotency	[9]
	0.5%	Mouse TSC ¹	pSAPK, Gem1, Tpbpa, Hand1 increased	Differentiation	[9]
	2%	Human TSC	Cyclin B + cell count increased	Proliferation	[10]
	20%	Human TSC	p21Cip1/Waf1 increased	Cell cycle arrest	[10]
Osmotic	50 mM sorbitol	Human TSC + mouse TSC	pSAPK increased + decreased cell count	Decreased proliferation	[11]
	150 + 200 mM sorbitol		pSAPK increased + No cell growth	Stress marker
	400 + 600 mM sorbitol		pSAPK increased	Apoptosis
Mechanical	1.2 dynes/cm₂ of shear stress	Mouse embryos	MAPK8/9	Apoptosis	[12]
Oxidative	Zearalenone 1, 2 and 4 μg/mL	hESC-derived EBs ²	p53, Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 + Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased	Apoptosis	[13]
Oxidative	Paraquat 75–100 μM	NT2 cells ³	Pax6, Gfra1, Hoxa1 and Ncam increased	Differentiation	[14]

¹ TSC: trophoblastic stem cells, ² hESC-derived EBs: human embryonic stem cell-derived embryonic bodies, ³ NT2 cells: human embryonal carcinoma Ntera2 cells.