Table 2.

Stress factors and their effect on iPSCs differentiation.

Stress		Cell Type	Markers Expressed	Directed Cell Type	Ref.
Hyperoxia	60% O2	hiPSCs 1	INS increased	Islet endocrine cells: C-peptide and glucagon positive cells	[77]
			NGN3 and VEGFA increased HES1 decreased	Ductal epithelium
Hypoxia	10% O2	hiPSC-LBs 2	Albumin, vitronectin and urea increased CYP3A4 activity increased	Hepatocytes and Cholangiocytes	[78]
	4% O2	Murine iPSCs	eGFP and cell number increased beating activity detected	Cardiomyocytes	[79]
	20% O2 + 3% CO2	hiPSCs	Pax6, Sox1, OLIG2 and NGN2 increased	Motor neuron progenitor cells	[80]
	20% + 5% CO2
	5% O2 + 5% CO2
Gravity	Microgravity (μg)	hiPSCs	MESP1 increased KDR, PDGFRa, CD13 increased	Cardiomyocytes	[81]
		Mouse iPSC-EB 3	GFP increased	Myocardial progenitor cells	[82]

¹ hiPSCs: human-induced pluripotent stem cells, ² hiPSCs-LBs: human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived liver buds, ³ mouse iPSC-EB: mouse-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived embryonic bodies.