Table 2.
Culture-based skin studies.
| Study ID | # of Patients | # of Healthy Controls | Sample Type | Culture Methods | α–Diversity | β–Diversity | Major Findings | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jamalpour 2019 [25] | 26 | ND | swabs | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND | Staphylococcus aureus, Diphtheroid, and Escherichia coli—most common | 2 |
| Nikolakis 2017 [26] | 50 | ND | swabs | 5% sheep blood agar—aerobic bacteria/Schaedler agar + 5% sheep blood—anaerobic bacteria |
ND | ND |
S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, P.bivia, and P. disiens—most common; Higher Hurley stages correlated with more polymicrobial flora |
3 |
| Thomas 2016 [27] | 76 | ND | swabs | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND |
Corynebacterium Species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus—most common |
2 |
| Hessam 2016 [28] | 113 | ND | deep swabs | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND | coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli—most common; low resistance rate for cotrimoxazole |
3 |
| Haskin 2016 [29] | 189 | ND | purulent drainage swab | NC | ND | ND | Firmicutes ↑—among obese HS patients vs. nonobese | 2 |
| Matusiak 2014 [31] | 69 | ND | swabs | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND |
S. epidermidis, Proteus mirabilis, S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis—most common; carbapanems, penicillins with β-lactamase inhibitors and fluoroquinolones—highest effectiveness |
3 |
| Sartorius 2012 [32] | 10 | ND | swabs (superficial and deep)/skin biopsy | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND |
Staphylococcus aureus not found in any lesions; coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Corynebacterium spp.—most common |
2 |
| Lapins 1999 [33] | 25 | ND | swabs (superficial, middle and deep)/skin biopsy | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND | Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Peptostreptococcus spp., Cutibacterium acnes, S. aureus—most common | 3 |
| Brook 1999 [34] | 17 | ND | swabs | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND |
S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Peptostreptococcus spp., Prevotella spp., micro-aerophilic streptococci, Fusubacteriurn spp., Bacteroides spp.—most common |
2 |
| Jemec 1996 [35] | 41 | ND | pus aspiration | standard culture-based methods | ND | ND | S. aureus, S. milleri, S. epidermidis, S. hominis, Corynebacterium spp., Acinetobacter spp., Lactobacillus spp.—most common | 3 |
| Katoulis 2015 [15] | 22 | ND | direct percutaneous needle aspiration of abscess | sheep blood (5%), chocolate and MacConkey agar plates were incubated under anaerobic conditions. | ND | ND | 7 were culture negative and 15 culture positive; 16 isolates obtained (14 aerobic, 2 anaerobic); P. mirabilis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis—predominant aerobic species; Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis and Cutibacterium granulosum—isolated anaerobic bacteria |
3 |
| Guet-Revillet H 2014 [16] | 82 | ND | transcutaneous; swabs |
anaerobic bacteria growth—homogenization of the biopsy samples using a sterile porcelain mortar in 0.5 mL of Schaedler broth, purulent drainage and swab specimens discharged in 0.5 mL of Schaedler broth, Uriselect4 agar plate, a colistin-nalidixic acid (CNA) blood agar plate, and a Columbia blood agar plate. |
ND | ND | 106 out of 126 lesional samples positive; two microbiological profiles detected: Profile A—Staphylococcus lugdunensis as a unique or predominant isolate, Profile B—a mixed anaerobic flora of strict anaerobes and/or anaerobic actinomycetes and/or streptococci of the milleri group |
3 |
| Riverain-Gillet 2020 [17] | 60 | 17 | ND | NC | ND | ND |
S. epidermidis, Staphylococcis hominis, Cutibacterium avidum and Cutibacterinum acnes ↑ in the skinfolds of HS subject; mean abundance of anaerobes ↑ in Hs skinfolds |
7 |
| Benzecry 2018 [21] | 46 | ND | swabs | chocolate agar, Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood, Mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, Schaedler CNA agar with 5% sheep blood, Schaedler neomycin—vancomycin with 5% sheep blood agar, Columbia CNA agar with 5% sheep blood. | ND | ND | 31 cultures (52%) positive; total of 15 bacterial species isolated: nine aerobes and six anaerobes; Enterobacteriaceae the most frequent isolates (#11 = 35%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (#8 = 26%), Corynebacterium spp. (#7 = 23%) and Staphylococcus spp. (#6 = 19%). |
3 |
ND—not determined, NC—not clear.