Figure 2.

The brain-gut-muscle axis. Increases in lactate, characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases, are controlled by exercise, which regulates systemic and brain lactate levels. Additionally, changes in the microbiota diversity and intestinal profile affect to the production of SFCAs, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Under neurodegenerative conditions, changes in mood, behavior, and cognition, together with alterations in the blood-brain barrier and the inflammatory state, have been reported, leading to neuronal death. The release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during and after exercise contributes to the neuroplasticity, improving the neurodegenerative condition.