Table 1.

PPAR Agonists in Completed or Terminated Clinical Trials against NAFLD/NASH (as of 2023/8/14).

Drug	NCT Number	Phase	Status	Participants	End Date	Liver Histology					Non-Invasive Tests		Blood Tests
						Steatosis	Ballooning	Inflammation	Fibrosis	Total Score	Fat Content	Stiffness	ALT	AST
PPARα/δ/γ pan agonist
Lanifibranor	NCT03008070 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03008070)	2	Completed	247	2020/3/16	↓	↓	NS	↓	↓			↓	↓
PPARα/δ dual agonist
Elafibranor	NCT01694849 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01694849)	2	Completed	275	2015/12	↓	↓	NS	↓	↓			↓
	NCT02704403 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02704403)	3	Terminated	2157	2020/10/28					NS
	NCT03883607 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03883607)	2	Terminated	10	2020/6/16	No description (pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability data only)
	NCT03953456 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03953456)	2	Terminated	17	2020/7/14	No description
PPARα/γ dual agonist
Saroglitazar	NCT02265276 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02265276)	3	Unknown	100	2015/9	No description
	NCT03061721 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03061721)	2	Completed	106	2020/12/15						↓	↓
	NCT03863574 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03863574)	2	Completed	16	2020/10/30	No description
	NCT04193982 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04193982)	3	Unknown	250	2021/10/31	No description
PPARα agonists
Fenofibrate (α/γ)	NCT00252499 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00252499)	NA	Terminated	13	2010/8	No description (protocol drug change required new clinicaltrails.gov entry)
	NCT00262964 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00262964)	NA	Completed	51	2008/12	No description
	NCT01289639 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01289639)	NA	Terminated	11	2014/8	No description
	NCT02354976 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02354976)	2	Completed	78	2016/5/26						↑		NS	↑
	NCT02781584 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02781584)	2	Completed	220	2020/12/17	No description (safety and tolerability data only)
	NCT02891408 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02891408)	1	Completed	74	2019/5/13	No description (pharmacokinetics data only)
Pemafibrate	NCT03350165 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03350165)	2	Completed	118	2020/6/30						NS	↓	↓	NS
PPARδ agonist
Seladelpar	NCT03551522 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03551522)	2	Terminated	181	2020/8/10	No description
PPARγ agonists
Pioglitazone	NCT00013598 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00013598)	2	Completed	30	2004/3	No description
	NCT00062764 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00062764)	2	Completed	18	2009/2	No description
	NCT00063622 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00063622)	3	Completed	247	2009/9	↓	↓	↓	NS				↓	↓
	NCT00227110 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00227110)	4	Completed	55	2006/1	↓	↓	↓	NS		↓		↓	↓
	NCT00441272 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00441272)	2	Completed	100	NP	No description
	NCT00633282 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00633282)	2	Completed	184	2011/8	No description (only in combination with lifestyle intervention; PMID: 26252777)
	NCT00994682 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00994682)	4	Completed	176	2014/12	↓	↓	↓	NS	↓	↓		↓	↓
	NCT01289639 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01289639)	NA	Terminated	11	2014/8	No description (only baseline data published; PMID: 24360972, 24740208)
	NCT01002547 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01002547)	4	Completed	105	2016/12/31	No description (only in combination with vitamin E; PMID: 31332029)
	NCT01068444 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01068444)	2	Completed	90	2020/7	↓	NS	↓	NS	↓	↓		↓	↓
	NCT01431521 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01431521)	1	Completed	31	2012/10/1	No description
	NCT01703260 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01703260)	2	Terminated	20	2014/9	No description
	NCT02265276 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02265276)	3	Unknown	100	2015/9	No description
	NCT02365233 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02365233)	4	Terminated	5	2016/12/31	No description
	NCT02875821 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02875821)	4	Completed	44	2017/6/7	No description
	NCT03646292 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03646292)	4	Unknown	60	2021/2	No description
	NCT03796975 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03796975)	4	Completed	120	2019/11/20	No description
	NCT03910361 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03910361)	4	Completed	51	2020/7/2	No description
	NCT03950505 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03950505)	4	Unknown	60	2020/12	No description
	NCT05521633 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05521633)	3	Completed	96	2022/5/24	No description
Rosiglitazone	NCT00252499 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00252499)	NA	Terminated	13	2010/8	No description (protocol drug change required new clinicaltrails.gov entry)
	NCT00492700 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00492700)	2	Completed	63	NP	↓	NS	NS	NS	NS			↓	↓
	NCT00699036 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00699036)	2	Unknown	165	2009/8	No description
	NCT01406704 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01406704)	4	Terminated	26	2013/12	No description
Lobeglitazone	NCT02285205 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02285205)	4	Completed	38	2015/11						↓	NS	↓	↓

NCT, US National Library of Medicine Clinical Trials; NA, not applicable; NP, not provided; NS, not significant; ↑, up-regulated (exacerbated); ↓, down-regulated (alleviated).