Table 1.

Microbiota taxonomy and its relationship with BCs in the regulation of inflammation.

Bioactive Compound	Targeted Microbiota	Effects on Microbiota	Effects on Inflammation	Reference
Polyphenols	Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli Clostridia Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Roseburia species.	-Increased abundance of beneficial bacteria -Enhances microbial diversity -Reduced pathogenic bacteria	-Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines -Inhibition of NFκB signalling -Suppression of inflammatory responses -Contribute to the gut barrier protection.	[35]
Prebiotics	Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli	-Stimulation of growth and activity of beneficial bacteria -Increased SCFAs production	-Attenuation of gut permeability -Reduction of systemic inflammation -Improvement of gut barrier function	[36]
Probiotics	Lactobacillus species, and Bifidobacterium species	-Introduction of beneficial live bacteria into the gut -Modulation of gut microbial balance -Enhanced production of anti-inflammatory substances	-Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines -Regulation of immune responses -Amelioration of inflammation-related disorders	[36]
Resveratrol	Bacillus species, Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium species,  Ackermania species.	-Restore the gut bacteria to its homeostatic levels. -Enhanced growth of beneficial bacteria -Reduced pathogenic bacteria -Increased production of beneficial metabolites	-Attenuated colonic inflammation	[24,37]
Quercetin	Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia	-Modulate the total microbial population in the gut.	-Anti-inflammatory effects.	[25]
Dietary fibres	Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	-SCFAs produced through fermentation of dietary fibres by gut bacteria promote the growth of beneficial bacteria -Regulate gut immune responses	-Anti-inflammatory effects on gut epithelial cells -Maintenance of gut barrier function -Attenuation of systemic inflammation	[31,32,38]