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. 2023 Aug 4;8(4):344. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics8040344

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Stiff substrate increases cell traction force of pre-osteoblasts and decreases cell traction force of fibroblasts. Effect of substrate stiffness on cell traction force (color coding) of (a) pre-osteoblasts and (c) fibroblasts. Quantitative statistics of cell traction force of (b) pre-osteoblasts and (d) fibroblasts. Three independent experiments (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. * p < 0.05, ns refers to no statistically significant difference. Scale bar, 20 µm.

Stiff substrate increases cell traction force of pre-osteoblasts and decreases cell traction force of fibroblasts. Effect of substrate stiffness on cell traction force (color coding) of (a) pre-osteoblasts and (c) fibroblasts. Quantitative statistics of cell traction force of (b) pre-osteoblasts and (d) fibroblasts. Three independent experiments (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. * p < 0.05, ns refers to no statistically significant difference. Scale bar, 20 µm.