Table 1.
Studies demonstrating persistence of vector-based vaccine constituents and/or derivative spike protein.
| Author | Constituents/Tissue Type/Assay Technique | Duration Measured |
|---|---|---|
| Animal | ||
| Pfizer (Japanese MoH) 2020 [46] | Radiolabelled LNP in plasma and tissues | 140 h–14 days |
| Human | ||
| Ogata et al. (2021) [52] | Spike protein and S1 subunit (assay) | 3 days |
| Bansal et al. (2021) [57] | Spike Protein | 4 months |
| Fertig et al. (2022) [50] | LNPs and mRNA | 15 days |
| Röltgen et al. (2022) [53] | mRNA and Spike Protein in ipsilateral lymph nodes; 2–7 days post dose in blood |
60 days |
| Yamamoto et al. (2022) [58] | Spike Protein in skin | 3 months |
| Yonker et al. (2023) [54] | Spike Protein in blood | 1–19 days in cases of myocarditis |
| Castruita et al. (2023) [51] | mRNA in plasma | 28 days |