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. 2023 Jul 26;11(8):2104. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11082104

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELFs) acquire a pro-fibrotic phenotype upon treatment with in vitro-generated asthma exacerbation NETs. HELFs were incubated with NETs released from control neutrophils upon stimulation with asthma serum (asthma NETs). (A) Migration/wound healing potential (original magnification, 40×) in HELFs stimulated with asthma NETs, assessed via light microscopy. (B) Fluorescence microscopy images showing CCN2 staining (blue, DAPI; green, CCN2; original magnification, 100×) and migration/wound healing capacity in HELFs treated with asthma NETs and (C) production of collagen (n = 6 independent experiments). To hinder IL-17A signaling, asthma NETs were pre-incubated with a neutralizing antibody against IL-17A. DNase I was used to dismantle NETs. For (A,B), representative examples of 4 independent experiments are shown. For (C), data are shown as mean ± SD, Kruskal–Wallis test. All conditions were compared to untreated (statistically significant: p < 0.05).