GDF15 and HB-EGF receptors are differentially expressed in the spinal cords of presymptomatic mice. (A) Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on total RNA isolated from the spinal cords of 3-month-old wildtype and SOD1G93A mice. Transcript levels of Egfr, Erbb4, Gfral, Tgfbr1, and Tgfbr2 were expressed relative to polymerase (RNA) II polypeptide J (Polr2J) transcript. The expression levels of each transcript in the spinal cords of SOD1G93A mice were normalized to those obtained in the spinal cords of wildtype mice (represented by the dashed line). Values are means ± SEM, the number of mice is indicated in brackets. Data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. wildtype spinal cord. (B) Lumbar spinal cord sections of wildtype and SOD1G93A mice at 3 months of age were immunostained with antibodies against TGFβ-R1 (in green) and ChAT (in red). Scale bar, 50 µm.