Algorithm 1: Pseudocode of PECSO algorithm

Initialize a population of N chickens and define the related parameters; While t < Gmax  If (t % G == 0)   Free grouping of populations and selection of roosters and hens within each group based on fitness values;   Many niches are established with the hens as the center and L as the radius, according to Equations (5) and (6);   Chicks are summoned by hens within the niche to recreate the hierarchy mechanism and to mark them.  End if  For i = 1: Nr   Update the position of the roosters by Equation (8);  End for  For i = 1: Nh   Synchronous update step of the niche is calculated by Equation (9);   Update the position of the hens by Equation (10);  End for  For i = 1: Nc   Spiral learning of chicks by Equation (11);   Update the position of the chicks by Equation (12);  End for Evaluate the new solution, and update them if they are superior to the previous ones; End while