| SFA |
| PAAM-alginate
hydrogel |
pressure |
bending |
2 N (constrained actuator, under hydraulic pressure 20 kPa),
strain 300%, responsive time <1 s |
95% |
(855) |
| PEGgel/P(HEMA-co-AAc |
pressure |
bending |
fracture strain: 12–4336% |
>95% |
(856) |
| DEA |
| SWCNT/prestrained
VHB 4910 |
voltage |
elongation (areal) |
5 kV, area strain 200% |
|
(857) |
| CuNW/VHB |
voltage |
elongation (areal) |
4.8 kV, area strain 200% |
13% (rest), 58% (actuated
to 200%, 4.8 kV) |
(858) |
| biaxially oriented polypropylene(BOPP)/FR3 liquid dielectric/polyacrylamide
hydrogel (swollen with an aqueous LiCl) |
voltage |
contraction/elongations |
10 kV(50 Hz), 0.02 N,
strain 10%, strain rate 900% s–1
|
|
(859) |
| VHB 4905/conductive
fluid/water (ionic solution)/two DEAf from
three layers for bidirectional actuators |
voltage |
bending (bidirectional) |
10 kV, maximum curvature: 12.5 ± 0.4 m–1
|
97% (active area), 90% (border) |
(860) |
| AgNW/PEDOT:PSS/WPU (PEDOT:PSS
waterborne PU)/VHB |
voltage |
elongation, expansion/contraction |
12 kV (2 Hz),
area strain 146%, 0.4 s (expansion) and 0.24
s (contraction) at 5 kV (2 Hz) |
87–89% |
(861) |
| PEDOT:PSS/WPU/PDMS lens/VHB 4910 |
voltage |
elongation |
10 kV, change in focal length (209%) |
80.30% |
(862) |
| SMP |
| multiphase copolyester
urethane network (PPD–PCL) |
temperature |
programming |
reversible strain 21%, switching
temperature 27 °C (A→B), 38 °C (B→A) |
|
(863) |
| smart hydrogel (polyacrylamide/alginate-PBA) |
moisture, multivalent cation and PH (shape memory,
Ca2+ inside the gel) |
programming |
average relative strain >15(mm/mm) |
|
(864) |
| liquid crystal elastomer/Cu (heating wire)/PI |
electric
potential |
programming |
1–3 V, actuation strain
41% (contraction), surface temperature 20–120 °C, lifting load 3.92 N |
|
(865) |
| self-cracking aluminum
mesh/TSMPI |
electric potential |
programming |
12 V, reverted to the original shape in 13 s, transition temperature 230 °C |
∼83% |
(866) |
| NAGAm/MBA or NAGAM/PEGDA hydrogels |
temperature/PH |
programming |
shape deformation at 70 °C, PH 1.2→5.9, elongation 600–1000% |
>90% |
(867) |
