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. 2023 Aug 5;123(16):9982–10078. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139

Table 7. Various Engineering Strategies for Improving Softness of Electrode Materials for Human-Machine Bridging.

materials Young’s modulus stretchability electrical properties transparency ref
Electrically Conductive Elastomer
PEDOT:PSS, elastomer 56.1–301.0 kPa tensile strain 700% electrical conductivity: 1–37 S cm–1 70–95% (604)
EGaIn, elastomer 89 kPa tensile strain 769%   semitransparent (605)
Ionic Conductive Elastomer
electrolyte salt (LiTFSI)/monomer (BA)/cross-linker (PEGDA)   tensile strain 1100% electrical conductivity: 1.27 × 10–7 S cm –1 98% (606)
AAm/MA 0.04 MPa (AAm/MA = 1/2), 0.87 MPa (AAm/MA = 2/1) tensile strain: 450% ionic conductivity: 4.0 × 10–4 S cm–1 95.1% (607)
Electrically Conductive Hydrogels
PVA/PAAm/PPy hydrogel tensile strength 0.2 MPa, compression strength 1.5 MPa tensile strain: 500%, stretching cycles: 2000 (100% strain) electrical conductivity: 0.3 S m–1 94.2% (608)
PEDOT/PAAm hydrogels 8–400 kPa tensile strain >100%, stretching cycles: 10 (100% strain) electric conductivity: 23 ± 5.6 S m–1   (609)
pure PEDOT hydrogels 24 ± 5.4 kPa (using AFM) tensile strain: 20%, stretching cycles: 10000 (20% strain) electric conductivity: 47.4 ± 1.2 S cm–1   (610)
pure PEDOT hydrogels 1.1 MPa tensile strain >35% electric conductivity: 28 S cm –1   (611)
pure PEDOT hydrogels 57 MPa tensile strain: 20%, stretching cycles: 5000 (15% strain) electric conductivity: 670 S cm–1   (612)
Ionic Conductive Hydrogels
PAAm hydrogel containing LiCl salts 12 kPa areal strain: 1000%, tensile strain: 1000%, stretching cycle: 100 (200% strain) ionic conductivity: 1 S m–1 98% (613)
NaCl containing polyacrylamide hydrogel 105 N m–2 areal strain: 167% sheet resistance: 102 Ω sq–1 98.9% (614)