Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants stratified by hypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) status.
| Characteristic | Overall | HT | No HT | p Value | DM | No DM | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2997 (100%) | 1282 (42.8%) | 1715 (57.2%) | - | 425 (14.2%) | 2572 (85.8%) | - |
| Age, years | 71 (68–75) | 72 (68–75) | 71 (68–75) | <0.0001 | 71 (68–76) | 71 (68–75) | 0.11 |
| Sex, male | 1424 (47.5%) | 594 (46.3%) | 830 (48.4%) | 0.26 | 206 (48.5%) | 1218 (47.3%) | 0.67 |
| Body weight, kg | 58 (51.9–65) | 59.8 (53.6–66.5) | 56.7 (50.8–63.7) | <0.0001 | 59.9 (53.9–66.8) | 57.7 (51.6–64.5) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 (21.7–25.8) | 24.4 (22.4–26.4) | 23 (21.2–25.3) | <0.0001 | 24.3 (22.4–26.4) | 23.5 (21.5–25.6) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 90 (77.8–95.4) | 86.8 (73.2–94.4) | 91.7 (81.6–96) | <0.0001 | 89.6 (75.8–95.8) | 90.1 (78.1–95.3) | 0.52 |
| Frailty index | 0.11 (0.04–0.15) | 0.13 (0.11–0.19) | 0.06 (0.04–0.11) | <0.0001 | 0.17 (0.11–0.21) | 0.09 (0.04–0.13) | <0.0001 |
| PASE | 85.6 (65.3–112.6) | 84.7 (62.2–110.4) | 86.3 (67.6–115.3) | 0.0016 | 85.4 (65.4–111.3) | 85.6 (65.3–112.6) | 0.94 |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Never | 1979 (66%) | 868 (67.7%) | 1111 (64.7%) | 0.094 | 282 (66.4%) | 1697 (66%) | 0.88 |
| Past | 840 (28%) | 371 (28.9%) | 469 (27.3%) | 0.34 | 125 (29.4%) | 715 (27.8%) | 0.49 |
| Current | 178 (5.9%) | 43 (3.4%) | 135 (7.9%) | <0.0001 | 18 (4.2%) | 160 (6.2%) | 0.11 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 277 (9.2%) | 172 (13.4%) | 105 (6.1%) | <0.0001 | 63 (14.8%) | 214 (8.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Angina pectoris | 241 (8.0%) | 139 (10.8%) | 102 (6.0%) | <0.0001 | 45 (10.6%) | 196 (7.6%) | 0.037 |
| Stroke | 117 (3.9%) | 82 (6.4%) | 35 (2.0%) | <0.0001 | 25 (5.9%) | 92 (3.6%) | 0.023 |
| Heart failure | 115 (3.8%) | 73 (5.7%) | 42 (2.4%) | <0.0001 | 25 (5.9%) | 90 (3.5%) | 0.018 |
| COPD | 218 (7.3%) | 87 (6.8%) | 131 (7.6%) | 0.37 | 26 (6.1%) | 192 (7.5%) | 0.32 |
| CKD (eGFR < 60) | 189 (6.3%) | 127 (9.9%) | 62 (3.6%) | <0.0001 | 28 (6.6%) | 161 (6.3%) | 0.80 |
| Cardiovascular drugs | |||||||
| CCB | 548 (18.3%) | 509 (39.7%) | 39 (2.3%) | <0.0001 | 131 (30.8%) | 417 (16.2%) | <0.0001 |
| β-blocker | 489 (16.3%) | 430 (33.5%) | 59 (3.4%) | <0.0001 | 108 (25.4%) | 381 (14.8%) | <0.0001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 342 (1.4%) | 314 (24.5%) | 28 (1.6%) | <0.0001 | 111 (26.1%) | 231 (9.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Aspirin | 322 (10.7%) | 216 (16.8%) | 106 (6.2%) | <0.0001 | 85 (20.0%) | 237 (9.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretic | 293 (9.8%) | 267 (20.8%) | 26 (1.5%) | <0.0001 | 56 (13.2%) | 237 (9.2%) | 0.011 |
| Statin | 188 (6.3%) | 133 (10.4%) | 55 (3.2%) | <0.0001 | 49 (11.5%) | 139 (5.4%) | <0.0001 |
| α-blocker | 184 (6.1%) | 110 (8.6%) | 74 (4.3%) | <0.0001 | 31 (7.3%) | 153 (5.9%) | 0.29 |
| Nitrate | 182 (6.1%) | 125 (9.8%) | 57 (3.3%) | <0.0001 | 43 (10.1%) | 139 (5.4%) | 0.0002 |
| Digoxin | 16 (0.5%) | 5 (0.4%) | 11 (0.6%) | 0.35 | 1 (0.2%) | 15 (0.6%) | 0.36 |
| Warfarin | 12 (0.4%) | 5 (0.4%) | 7 (0.4%) | 0.94 | 4 (0.9%) | 8 (0.3%) | 0.57 |
| Antihypertensive drugs * | 1177 (39.3%) | 990 (77.2%) | 187 (10.9%) | <0.0001 | 258 (60.7%) | 919 (35.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Hypoglycaemic drugs | 319 (10.6%) | 223 (17.4%) | 96 (5.6%) | <0.0001 | 311 (73.2%) | 8 (0.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Metformin | 98 (3.3%) | 67 (5.2%) | 31 (1.8%) | <0.0001 | 97 (22.8%) | 1 (0.04%) | <0.0001 |
| Glibenclamide | 61 (2.0%) | 38 (3.0%) | 23 (1.3%) | 0.0019 | 61 (14.4%) | 0 (0%) | <0.0001 |
| Gliclazide | 86 (2.9%) | 58 (4.5%) | 28 (1.6%) | <0.0001 | 83 (19.5%) | 3 (0.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Glipizide | 16 (0.5%) | 11 (0.9%) | 5 (0.3%) | 0.035 | 16 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | <0.0001 |
| Acarbose | 5 (0.2%) | 5 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.0097 | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin | 3 (0.1%) | 3 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.045 | 3 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | <0.0001 |
| Tolbutamide | 2 (0.1%) | 2 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.102 | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.0005 |
Median (interquartile range) value or count (percentage) is shown. BMI, body mass index. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CKD, chronic kidney disease. DM, diabetes mellitus. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula. HT, hypertension. IQR, interquartile range. PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. * Antihypertensive drugs include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), calcium channel blocker (CCB), and α-blocker.