Table 3.
Multivariable Cox modelling of baseline independent variables on incident all-cause mortality stratified by hypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, frailty, Egfr, and use of antihypertensive and/or hypoglycaemic drugs.
| Variable | HT+ (Deaths, n = 596/1282) |
HT− (Deaths, n = 639/1715) |
DM+ (Deaths, n = 234/425) |
DM− (Deaths, n = 1001/2572) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (1.07–1.13) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (1.09–1.11) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | 1.44 (1.16–1.78) | 0.0008 | 1.66 (1.35–2.04) | <0.0001 | 1.41 (1.01–1.98) | 0.043 | 1.62 (1.37–1.91) | <0.0001 |
| BMI | 1 (0.97–1.03) | 0.88 | 0.98 (0.95–1) | 0.085 | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 0.0025 | 1 (0.98–1.02) | 0.97 |
| Previous smoking | 1.32 (1.07–1.62) | 0.0086 | 1.29 (1.06–1.57) | 0.011 | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) | 0.34 | 1.34 (1.14–1.57) | 0.0003 |
| Active smoking | 2.4 (1.65–3.49) | <0.0001 | 1.85 (1.4–2.45) | <0.0001 | 1.99 (1.07–3.68) | 0.029 | 2.09 (1.65–2.65) | <0.0001 |
| Frailty index | 3.43 (0.97–12.16) | 0.057 | 3.69 (0.89–15.3) | 0.072 | 3 (0.39–22.84) | 0.29 | 3.5 (1.21–10.11) | 0.021 |
| PASE | 1 (1–1) | 0.31 | 1 (1–1) | 0.21 | 1 (0.99–1) | 0.096 | 1 (1–1) | 0.18 |
| Egfr | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.99–1) | 0.014 | 0.99 (0.98–1) | 0.0052 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.0001 |
| log(BCAA) ‡ | 0.55 (0.3–1.02) | 0.057 | 0.43 (0.25–0.75) | 0.0029 | 0.98 (0.37–2.58) | 0.97 | 0.39 (0.25–0.61) | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs * | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 0.29 | 1.3 (1.02–1.66) | 0.033 | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) | 0.39 | 1.2 (1.04–1.39) | 0.015 |
| Hypoglycaemic drugs † | 1.69 (1.36–2.08) | <0.0001 | 1.61 (1.17–2.22) | 0.0039 | 1.13 (0.83–1.54) | 0.45 | 1.73 (0.77–3.9) | 0.18 |
BCAA, branched-chain amino acid. BMI, body mass index. DM, diabetes mellitus. Egfr, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula. HR, hazard ratio. HT, hypertension. PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. * Antihypertensive drugs include α-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, β-blocker, calcium channel blocker, diuretics and nitrate. † Hypoglycaemic drugs include metformin, glibenclamide, gliclazide, glipizide, acarbose, insulin, and tolbutamide. ‡ HR represents 1 unit increase in log scale which is approximately equivalent to 2.718 times increase in BCAA level. Deaths (n) among total number of study participants in subgroup within parentheses. See also Methods and Table 1.